Creative Writing Dialogue Between The Empire - 953 Words

â€Å"We don’t have to do this, Cin. We could just disappear into Wild Space.† Verin leaned back in his chair with his boots on the table. â€Å"We don’t owe the Empire or Republic anything. Shab, we could go back to Mandayaim and start a farm.† â€Å"And what about Fynta?† Cinlat asked. Verin’s face fell. She was hesitant to take part in any mission that had to do with the Dark Council. She’d made more than her fair share of enemies there, and Darth Marr didn’t have a reputation for being the forgiving sort. Cinlat sighed, â€Å"Fynta will need our help. At the very least, we can watch her back. Aric and the rest too, they’ve grown on me.† The admission tasted strange in his mouth. Cinlat had traveled alone purposefully for nearly a decade. Then along†¦show more content†¦The Chiss padded barefoot through the ship towards the kitchenette to find Kaliyo already occupying the caf maker. â€Å"Is it safe to venture out?† Zolah arched an eyebrow at the Rattataki, and Kaliyo shrugged. â€Å"You two aren’t as quiet as you think you are. Especially Vector.† A tremor ran through the woman. â€Å"I promised I wouldn’t knock your taste in men, Agent. But, I still don’t get it.† â€Å"Because Tanno Vik is clearly a better choice,† Zolah mocked as she searched for a mug. Kaliyo snapped her fingers. â€Å"He’s got it where it counts. Just had to close my eyes and hold my breath. It was worth it, though.† Cup in hand, Zolah swatted Kaliyo’s hip to get her to move out of the way. â€Å"Yes, you said as much earlier. What could a dull creature like that possibly have to say of importance?† She poured a mug of caf and leaned against the counter. Proper caf, at last, none of that disgusting instant stuff that Theron stocked the safe house with. â€Å"A lot more than you’d think. Apparently, the major believes in tota l transparency within her squad. Did you know she was a spook once?† â€Å"I do hope you got better than that, my dear. I heard it straight from Theron’s mouth a month ago.† Zolah turned when a hand settled on her hip. Vector squeezed into the small galley, his hair still mussed from the pillow and wearing nothing but a pair of relaxed pants. If Kaliyo hadn’t been aboard, heShow MoreRelated`` Invisible Cities `` By Italo Calvino1834 Words   |  8 Pagesexplorer named Marco Polo but focuses around a specific dialogue and a series of stories shared between Kublai Khan, emperor of Mongolia, and his right-hand man Polo in the late 1200’s. This concept of writing emphasizes the aspects of humanity and social consequences in generic city makeup and the way we become trapped in the metaphorical â€Å"inferno of living†. Considering the use of emotive language and descriptive scenario’s presented in the dialogue throughout the text, the author is able to imposeRead MoreThe Shadow Of The Galilean1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe officer tells Andreas that there had been another riot, this time caused by some Galilean Zealots. Since Jesus is from Galilee, and considered to be a follower of John, he is not trusted by Rome and is believed to be a potential threat to their empire. Andreas is then sent off again to retrieve information about this noteworthy prophet. The rest of the book then follows Andreas and his friends as they venture around Galilee, searching for Jesus. They begin in Nazareth, Jesus’ hometown. While sellingRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles On The German State3407 Words   |  14 Pagesreduce German power did not have the greatest effect on German confidence. The most damaging portions of the Treaty of Versailles were its honor clauses. These allowed individuals to be tried as war criminals and, even more injurious, established in writing that Germany was guilty for the majority of violence and aggression during the war and called for the payment of mass reparations to the Allied Powers, who were eventually paid 132 billion gold marks to account for damages caused during the war. Read MoreAnalysis of Roddy Doyle ´s A Star Called Henry Essay3134 Words   |  13 Pagescreating tension and stoking the fires of bitterness and hated† (Hunger,1.09.39). The seventeen minutes of continuous dialogue between the two men express the sentiments and beliefs of the whole film. In such a short time the two actors expose and present a tremendous amount of information to the viewer. Up to that point it was not apparent which direction the film would go. From the dialogue we gather that Sands reasons are strong. He assures Fr. Moran that he is as determined to sustain his beliefs andRead MoreThe Human Psyche, By Michel De Montaigne And Sir Francis Bacon2294 Words   |  10 Pagesthat knowledge of what it means to be human is to be found in observation through experience, rather than through reason alone. The writers and philosophers of the Renaissance were concerned with exploring human nature through the individual s creative, reasoning, and aesthetic capabilities; and rather than focusing on what they considered to be futile questions of logic and scientific analysis, they instead focused on the relation of the human to the Divine. The limits that defined the EuropeanRead MoreHistorian as curandera Essay4547 Words   |  19 Pageshave on society and individuals. This is explored through choices made in western culture (in philosophy, pedagogy, psychology, media and economy) and through analysis of play The Hospital at the time of the revolution by Caryl Churchill and text Writing as transgression by Naomi Wallas. First shows how â€Å"poisonous pedagogy cripples and dehumanizes the child . Furthermore, play makes it clear how societies dominant view influences it’s individuals. In analysis of this play, Michel Foucault’s opinionsRead More Comic Art: The Seduct ion of the Innocent Essay3314 Words   |  14 Pagesoriginality is an indication of creativity, then surely Neil Gaiman can be said by any to be creative, and Sandman would be his creative product. Originality is originality, no matter what medium it arises in. In addition to the originality of the kind of stories Gaiman writes, he also shows his talent in the technical aspects of writing a comic book. In Sandman # 10, The Dolls House, Gaiman emphasises the transition between the real world and the world of dreams that a character, Rose goes through by changingRead MoreIndian English Novel17483 Words   |  70 Pagesthe story of a changing India. The stories were there already in India steeped in folklores, myths, written in umpteen languages as India is always the land of stories. However, the concept of Indian English novel or rather the concept of Indians writing in English came much later and it is with the coming of Raja Rao, R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, the journey of India n English Novel began. The early Indian novels which were merely patriotic gained a rather contemporary touch with the coming of MulkRead More Language Follows Evolution of Jackson and Trewe Relationship Paralleling the Colonization to Post-Colonial Movement in Pantomime3124 Words   |  13 Pages(Gilbert 131). It is this duality that Walcott tries to reconcile in his work, drawing on his experiences in the theatre and in the Caribbean (King 260). In Pantomime, Walcott employs the versatility of language to describe the evolving relationship between main characters Harry Trewe and Jackson Philip paralleling the colonization to post-colonial movement and comes to a tentative reconciliation. Walcott sets the stage for numerous parallelisms by naming his play Pantomime. A pantomime is a traditionalRead MoreCritical Analysis of Genesis 1:1-2:4a Essays2625 Words   |  11 PagesPentateuch developed against the background of the Ancient Near Eastern culture first cultivated in and spread by Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian empires†. From this, we can see how Israelite religion was â€Å"shaped by responses to and reactions against this culture due both to contacts with neighboring Canaanites and to conflicts with Assyrian and Babylonian empires†. Genesis 1:1-2:4a can therefore be said to reflect the â€Å"Babylonian account of creation, which we call Enuma Elish†¦known from at least 1700

The Interwar Period - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1272 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Question 1 The interwar period should be recalled only as a time of deep political instability, economic change and unsettling social, constantly overshadowed by the prospect of another war. During World War I, most of the European countries were predominantly comprised of the world war powers. It is important to note that most of these countries were under the influence of Germany in the West and Russia in the East.   Undeniably, Scandinavian countries had so far suffered a lot under the rule of the Soviet Union. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Interwar Period" essay for you Create order Under the rule of Stalin, these countries did not have neither economic nor political freedom. Evidently, such countries like Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia would experience one of the most difficult periods regarding political dictatorship. Based on the political and economic challenges or problems they had faced, it was long overdue to cooperate in their foreign affairs on a ten-year deal. Through fascism, every country was in a bid to protect its people. Democracy was also practiced to a small extent during the years. Poland in particular formed a democratic government in 1922. Unfortunately, dictatorship would attack the new formed democratic under the rule of Joseph Pilsudski by 1926. As much as efforts were made to revert to the previous democratic government, they proved unfruitful when immense powers were constitutionally given to the president by 1934. Another country that visibly experienced political turmoil was Hungary. Before the war, Hungary and Austria were intertwined under Hapsburg Emperor of Austria. After Hungary had broken off from Austria to form an independent, this was not to last long whereby the new National Council was overthrown by the power hungry communists. After the ongoing political uncertainties, the case was resolved by installing a monarchy form of government only for it to end being a bloody dictatorship. During this period, Hungary experienced quite a considerable level of economic hardship with land cessation a common phenomenon. After the onset of World War I, the global population oversaw one of the most economically difficult periods. The great depression set in causing the economy to experience a nosedive. Deaths were to the tunes of millions leading to a significant loss of labor force. As a result, industrialization was at its lowest. On the same note, so much property and land were destructed making Europe an economic desert so to say. Furthermore, the period was characterized by high levels of poverty on the part of the ordinary citizenry. The quality of life took a heavy dip, and living conditions were very wanting. Agricultural production levels hit a historical low with Austria experiencing almost a 53% decline. The economic implications of the war would be felt immediately after the war when the world experienced one of the worst recorded recessions and inflation.. These strikes were geared towards achieving better working conditions and better remuneration. The role of women cannot be understated during the interwar period. It is at this period that most women were better educated. There were therefore more job opportunities for them. Some jobs came up which were considered ‘women’s work’. After World War 1, women came out to fight for their rights as workers in various industrial sectors especially new light industries. After the disqualification of the sex act, many women entered into professions and got more job openings. The onset of world war two was stimulated by a couple of factors. One of the causes of the war before it even started was the Italian fascism of the late 1920s and more so the political takeover of Germany in 1933 by Adolf Hitler. It should be noted that he had an aggressive foreign policy. Different ideologies were developed during the interwar period. Tensions arose due to these ideologies and some governments were dissatisfied by them. The League of Nations was also a failure on its part since it failed to protect Abyssinia from attack by Italy. The policies of appeasement were ineffective and feeble. The immediate cause was when the Nazi tried to solve the Polish corridor. Question 2 It is true that the failures of the requirements of the Versailles treaty were not the only reasons which contributed to the start of the Second World War as there are many other factors which led to this. The signing of the Versailles treaty contributed to the ending of the First World War and this happened in 28th June 1919. This is the treaty that led to the creation of the League of Nations in the year 1919 and this was to prevent any further wars in the future then. Germany was not allowed to be a member of this treaty until the year 1926- seven years later. It was written between allies who stood for the same ideology of living peacefully and it was formulated in Paris France. The treaty also spelt the new boundaries of Germany, identifying Germany as the key contributor to the First World War there before. Some part of Germany was given to Belgium, some to Poland, Alsace Lorraine was given back to its native owner France and a number of districts in the eastern part of Germany was given to Poland. Many financial obligations were imposed on Germany and she agreed to bow down to these allegations although the Germans signed the treaty with a lot of protesting while the US government didn’t take many responsibilities for most of the treaty’s provisions. However, in the year 1939, Adolf Hitler breached the provisions of the treaty by attacking Poland which was a neutral country. This sparked the beginning of the Second World War in the year 1939 which lasted till the year 1945. Among the other causes of the Second World War was the Japanese invasions of China in the 1930s which brought division and created a stress line by creating allies to either sides. The other cause of the war was the Italian fascism whose origin can be traced back to the 1920s and the man behind this was an Italian dictator by the name Mussolini. The other cause of the Second World War was the political takeover of Germany which took place in the year 1933 putting a very ambitious leader in power who was Adolf Hitler. He wanted to concur the world and attain the fame and glory that Germany had one time. This was majorly supported by his Nazi party and also the aggressive policy on foreign issues. Adolf Hitler felt that his country had been unfairly treated by the Versailles treaty and this dissatisfaction made him mobilize fellow Germans to spark off the Second World War. Another key cause of the Second World War was the militarism which made many countries have strong military powers due to the science inventions in the field of military such as the invention of the machine gun and development of military cars. This sparked aggression between countries since they felt they had a military back up to rise against their enemies. The Spanish civil war also was a key contributor and it led to support of Germans and Italians on the nationalists while the Soviet Union supported the government. The issue of allies led to war since enemies took different sides and fought against each other indirectly. Italian invasion of Albania also contributed to the war in 1939. One of the most immediate causes of the Second World War was the invasion of Poland by Germany and it should be noted that Poland was a neutral state that did not support either the Germany or the Soviet fronts. This sparked conflict since Britain entered into the issue by supporting Poland. Therefore, the failure of the Versailles treaty is not the only reason for the occurrence of the Second World War.

The Doctrine Of Foreign Policy - 1042 Words

The Monroe Doctrine shaped U.S foreign policy from the moment it was passed. The U.S had always been a country that tried to remain neutral on foreign issues. Since George Washington became President, he realized that the United States needed to grow and self-cultivate before it can meddle in foreign affairs. Washington warned the next leaders of the country not to be involved in the problems of other countries as that would lead to some countries would be unwilling to trade or they would wage war when America was still in its infancy. In order to protect the long-term future of America, it could not be dependent on other nations to support it, and it had to establish itself as a strong power before it could engage in the risky activities of foreign policy. The Monroe Doctrine was one of the first policies in place which rejected the Europeans from conquering any more land in the western hemisphere, and it diminished the foothold the Europeans had because they could longer interfere or try to grow in the Americas. This policy stressed the tenants of George Washington about remaining neutral. European problems were at an all-time high in the 1820’s. The French had just exiled Napoleon, and they returned back to a monarchy system. The Spanish were losing almost all its wealth with the rebellions of the colonies in Latin America, and there was an ongoing war between the British and French to control Europe. If Americans were to be involved, they would inevitably have to sendShow MoreRelatedDoctrine of Foreign Policy Constructed by U.S. Presidents1198 Words   |  5 PagesThere were many presidents of the United States that were able to construct doctrines during their presidency terms in office that defined their individual foreign policy goals and/or aims. Just to name a few there was the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, Truman Doctrine 1947 and the Reagan Doctrine of 1984. For example, the Monroe Doctrine was constructed for two main reasons: 1) John Adams, Secretary of State, suggested the p rinciple that the Western hemisphere was not an option for any further colonizationRead MoreBill Clintons Doctrine of Enlargement of Foreign Policies2039 Words   |  9 PagesBill Clinton’s Doctrine of Enlargement of Foreign Policies Tommy Wong American History Mr. McCarthy May 2, 2011 During his inauguration from 1993 to 2001, United States President William Jefferson Clinton, also known as Bill Clinton, promoted democracy and improved foreign relationships by using non-aggressive policies. These policies were based on Clinton’s belief and principle, which was also known as the Doctrine of Enlargement. The Doctrine of Enlargement asked for a free competition in globalRead MoreThe Truman Doctrine Was A United States Foreign Policy1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe Truman Doctrine was a United States foreign policy established by President Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) in 1947. The policy stated that the US would provide military and financial support to Greece and Turkey to prevent them from falling to communism. This started a policy of â€Å"containment† which would persist for many years to come. After World War II left most of the world devastated, the US and the Soviet Union emerged as the two global superpowers and despite being allies during the war , theRead More The Monroe Doctrine: Origin and Early American Foreign Policy2078 Words   |  9 PagesThe essay discusses the creation of the Monroe Doctrine and how its birth shaped U.S. foreign policy from the 1820’s through the American Civil War. It also looks at the key players and their various motives in creating this important document. The Monroe Doctrine History during the early 1800’s found the American people very interested in the situation involving the Latin American countries found in central, South America, and Mexico. Though these Latin countries tried to establish theirRead MoreCold War and U1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy: The Truman Doctrine Mark Newsome Strayer University Politics 300 Dr. Sussie Okoro 16 March 2014 The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy: The Truman Doctrine Harry S. Truman was President of the United States from 1945-1953. President Truman presidency was marked throughout by important foreign policy initiatives. Central to almost everything Truman undertook in his foreign policy was the desire to prevent the expansion of influence of the Soviet Union. At the endRead MoreThe Truman Doctrine1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe Truman Doctrine and the Development of American Foreign Policy during the Cold War On March 12, 1947, President Harry S. Truman defined United States foreign policy in the context of its new role as a world superpower. Many historians consider his speech to Congress as the words that officially started the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine was a major break from U.S. historical trends of isolationist foreign policy. His speech led to the Cold War policy of containment. Moreover, it served as aRead MoreDefensive Foreign Policies865 Words   |  4 PagesDefensive Foreign Policies In the early stages of the political United States, between 1789 and 1825, foreign policy was controversial with the popular demand of the American people. The foreign policy was primarily acts of neutrality and refusal to be involved with European affairs that came out of a defensive reaction to perceived threats from Europe. Two of these policies in include Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality and the Monroe Doctrine. Both of these policies expressed the neutralityRead MoreThe Reagan Doctrine Of President Reagan1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe Reagan Doctrine The term â€Å"doctrine† definition is â€Å"A statement of authorized government policy, especially in overseas concerns and military strategy† (â€Å"Doctrine†, n.d.). The expression Presidential doctrine means an ideological platform that a president uses to spread a policy towards a country or region in order to accomplish foreign policy objectives for the United States. Presidents like James Monroe, Harry S. Truman, and Richard Nixon etc. articulated their policies but amongst these executiveRead MoreEssay about Foreign Policy - Roosevelt Corollary1109 Words   |  5 PagesCorollary greatly affected American foreign policy. It was in sharp contrast to the Monroe Doctrine, put in place to stop foreign intervention with the American continents. In 1823 President Monroe implemented US policy that stated European powers were not allowed to colonize or interfere with the newly budding United States or the Americas. In 1904 President Roosevelt expanded upon th is policy in response to European intervention with Latin America. This policy became known as the Roosevelt CorollaryRead MoreThe Political Affairs Of Latin America925 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical affairs of Latin America. Since the dawn of the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, the U.S. has taken a firm and direct stance when dealing with the continent to ensure that its [United States] interests are always upheld. This being said, the U.S. uses formal and informal manipulation and intervention to ensure that Latin American governments are compatible with U.S. interests. This dates back, as previously said, to the time of the Monroe doctrine, when the United-States wanted to protect its expansion

The Origins Of Moral Judgment - 1433 Words

Summer Moser Ndidi Nwaneri PHIL 130-006 November 29, 2014 The Origins of Moral Judgment From the moment a person is born, they are flooded with impressions about the world surrounding them. Even though their undeveloped brains can hardly understand what is going on, they are subject to influence from other people and things. As they grow up, their parents discipline them in order to teach them how to act in public around other people. Children are scolded when they lie, steal, talk back, and misbehave. All these actions help to form a child’s morality. They begin to learn what is right and wrong. They test the limits of the society around them to see what they can get away with and what they cannot. One could argue that if there were a society that encouraged these behaviors, people would grow up much differently. Some philosophers like Kant say people are naturally good with a strong moral compass. Other philosophers like Hume argue that humans are taught their morals. Kant says that all moral judgments come from a priori knowledge, but Hume follows a dif ferent path by saying morality is derived from experiences that spark virtuous passions within the person, and it is these passions that provide us with moral guidance for future action. Although Kant provides a good argument for the origin of morality, this paper will argue that Hume provides a more plausible account for the sources of morality. Kant is who as known as a rationalist. He believes that humansShow MoreRelatedThe Problem of Moral Rationalism907 Words   |  4 PagesThe Problem of Moral Rationalism There are many disagreements amongst philosophers concerning the way humans make their moral judgments. While there are those who believe the origin of our moral judgments are based on rationality which is described in moral rationalism, there are also others who believe our moral judgements are based on our emotion which is described by sentimentalism. There are many studies that support this idea of sentimentalism which poses a threat to moral rationalism. SpecificallyRead MoreMorality, Moral, And Moral Decisions Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesIf there is one characteristic that distinguishes human civilization from any other organized species, then morality is definitely a favored candidate. In English the words â€Å"beastly† or â€Å"brutal† are used to describe the cruelest form of moral perversity; in Chinese the phrase â€Å"birds and beast† refers to people who committed appalling atrocities. Our propensity to view morality as the discriminating trait o f human being overrides cultural and geographical barriers. For some people, this phenomenonRead More Mackies Arguments Against Objective Values Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesThere are no objective values. Mackie had found recent dialogue in moral philosophy to be fraught with misunderstandings and conflations of various moral positions, so he felt it necessary to rigorously define his position as well as the boundaries of his concerns. Thus his article has two major parts: First, Mackie defines the nature of his moral skepticism, and, second, he defends his position by showing the implausibility of moral realism with a series of arguments. Mackie?s first step in definingRead MoreThe Theory Of The And Social Theory1468 Words   |  6 Pagesregarded as a personal matter according to an informal survey (Nichols Mallon, 2006). Greene dual moral processes For a long time, theories of moral psychology largely ignored the role of cognitive reasoning in reference to moral judgment; instead the research focused predominantly on the role of emotion and affective intuition in moral judgments. Typically, two research questions are the focus in moral psychology: â€Å"Why do we care about what others do even if what they do does not affect us?† andRead MoreThe Origin Of Good And Evil By Richard Taylor And Why Morality Is Not Relative By James Rachels1741 Words   |  7 PagesUsing two articles â€Å"On the Origin of Good and Evil† by Richard Taylor and â€Å"Why Morality Is Not Relative† by James Rachels from the book Moral Life: An Introductory Reader in Ethics and Literature, author, Louis P. Pojman and Lewis Vaughn, this essay will first try to identify what each of two articles says about the nature of good and evil, and is everything on morality is relative. Taylor from the article â€Å"On the Origin of Good and Evil†, states that morality is not inspirational, but a naturalRead MoreThe Basic Principles Of Morality889 Words   |  4 Pagesand reason. Moral judgments must be supported by legitimate reasons and requires the impartial thought of each individual’s interest. Reason and impartially form the minimum conception of morality. Each major ethical theory in philosophy, falls short to meet all the requirements of the minimum conception of morality. Cultural Relativism, in the first case, does not meet the requirements of minimum conception of reality.Cultural Relativism fails to provide stable explanations for moral differencesRead MoreDifferences Between Islam And Christianity871 Words   |  4 Pages1. The question of Origin. i. Of the many ways in which Islam and Christianity differ, answering the question of origin remains primarily the same as it does amongst all three of the monotheistic religions (Islam, Christianity and Judaism) wherein a single infinite God created the heavens and earth. ii. Though there is considerable contrast between how Islam and Christianity present the creation story both the Bible and the Qur’an textually agree all was created in six days (Qur’an 10:3; GenesisRead MoreAnalysis Of Spinoza And Nietzsche s Spinoza 1699 Words   |  7 Pagesprofoundly immoral. Regarding the moral problem, good and evil†¦he doesn t even comprehend what this means. What he comprehends are good encounters, bad encounters, increases and diminutions of power. Thus he makes an ethics and not at all a morality. This is why he so struck Nietzsche. Historically, the distinction between ethics and morality was set up to distinguish between an Aristotelian/Stoic emphasis on the good or virtuous life and a Kantian emphasis on the moral law. Spinoza and Nietzsche areRead MoreNietzsche s Morals889 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1887, philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche had written a collection of essays entitled The Genealogy of Morals. Nietzsche ideas was an inscribed assessment based upon ethical principles. Nietzsche analyzes the connections and significance of the contrasting moral concepts in a distinctive section where he elaborates on the â€Å"good and the bad† as well as the â€Å"good and evil†, by expressing his thoughts on slave morality that was created by the Jews. In the beginning, Nietzsche states that the priest isRead MoreThe Enlightenment By Locke, Paine, And Kant1492 Words   |  6 Pagesthere was nothing wrong with reason until society took advantage of it and made it unethical; its clash with faith and a person’s emotions is unveiled beautifully by Rosseau and that would be society’s definite way to go if we desired to stand by our moral virtues. Locke looked at the world from the point of view of his senses, and he wanted to understand how an individual’s senses may alter the world to one versus another. â€Å"Our observation, employed either about external sensible objects, or about

Pat Barkers Regeneration Essay - 1105 Words

Pat Barkers Regeneration Pat Barkers Regeneration focuses on the troubled soldiers mental status during World War One. Barker introduces the feelings soldiers had about the war and militarys involvement with the war effort. While Regeneration mainly looks at the male perspective, Barker includes a small but important female presence. While Second Lieutenant Billy Prior breaks away from Craiglockhart War Hospital for an evening, he finds women at a cafe in the Edinburgh district (Barker 86). He comes to the understanding that the women are munitions workers. Womens involvement in war work in Regeneration shows the potential growth in womens independence, but at the expense of restrictions placed on men while they were on the†¦show more content†¦Even by supporting equal pay, women still earned less then their male counterparts, but found the pay much higher than the domestic jobs they left. Equal pay may not have been as equal as women hoped, but their experience and reason for working in the factori es allowed them to feel more distinguished than working in domesticated services. While men argued against women working in factories, the women were taking full strides to prove their strength and abilities while working under harsh and almost unbearable conditions. Women worked long hours exposed to chemicals and explosives that caused damaging health conditions. The most noticeable health problem came from TNT poisoning that caused jaundice (Robb 43). The symptoms women suffered were pains below the xiphisternum, loss of appetite, nausea, constipation, dermatitis, irritability, depression, and some change in menstruation (Thom 124). Under harsh conditions, women continued to prove their abilities though suffering with health ailments. Barker introduces Sarah Lumb, Lizzy, Madge, and Betty as munition-ettes in order to show the experiences of the home front effort in the plot (Barker 87). Barker uses Sarah to help Billy Prior and readers understand the monotonous, harsh conditions of the factories, and a womans desire to expand her economic status. In this scene, readers are presented with Sarahs background as a servant who finds munitions work more reliable forShow MoreRelated Pat Barkers Regeneration1667 Words   |  7 Pagesthat society began to see the emergence of contraception and its acceptance. Readers can also see its emergence in Regeneration on page 128, as Billy Prior propositions his new love interest by stating he always paddles with me boots on, a reference to the fact that he, as an army man, always wears contraception when having intercourse. With this background, we can now see how Pat Barker uses this brief cultural reference to remind readers of the history of contraception for both men and wome nRead More Heritage and Identity in Pat Barkers Regeneration1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe presence of Jews in England has been a source of controversy for many reasons. On page 35 of Pat Barkers historical novel Regeneration, Siegfried Sassoon reveals the nature of his relationship with his father, who left home when he was five, and gives an account of his Jewish history. Though he hadnt been raised Jewish and apparently had no association with his Jewish relatives, Sassoon was subjected to the discrimination that was often seen in England before and during WWI. Through SassoonsRead More Courage in Pat Barkers Regeneration Essay1763 Words   |  8 PagesCourage in Pat Barkers Regeneration During the Vietnam War, many Americans decided to choose conscientious objector status and serve the war effort in non-combative ways; others moved to Canada, leaving their families, their communities, and their nation because of strong political convictions. While some said these people were cowards and a disgrace to their families and their nation, others argued that those had just as much courage as the men on the front lines. Although moving to CanadaRead MorePortrayal of Role of Women in Society in Pat Barkers Regeneration1223 Words   |  5 PagesRegeneration focuses on troubled soldiers mental states during WW1. The Craiglockhart setting allows Barker to explore the psychological effects of warfare on men who went to fight and also their feelings about the war and the military s involvement in it. While the focus of the novel is firmly on the male perspective (indeed Barker claimed she had partly chosen this novel to prove she could do men as well as women ), there is a sma ll but important female presence. When WW1 began in 1914Read MorePat Barkers Regeneration, Wilfred Owens Poetry and Joseph Hellers Catch-223081 Words   |  13 PagesExplore the psychological and moral impact of war on soldiers and civilians in Pat Barkers Regeneration and Wilfred Owens poetry. In the course of your writing show how your ideas have been illuminated by your response to Joseph Hellers Catch-22 and other readings of both core texts. Pat Barkers Regeneration, Wilfred Owens poetry and Joseph Hellers Catch-22 can all be categorised as subjective war texts  as the main structural principle is not dominated by characters actions, but ratherRead More Comparing Irony of War in Dulce et Decorum, Regeneration, and Quiet on the Western Front1165 Words   |  5 PagesIrony of War Exposed in Dulce et Decorum, Regeneration, and Quiet on the Western Front    Many of the young officers who fought in the Great War enlisted in the army with glowing enthusiasm, believing that war was played in fancy uniforms with shiny swords. They considered war as a noble task, an exuberant journey filled with honor and glory. Yet, after a short period on the front, they discovered that they had been disillusioned by the war: fighting earned them nothing but hopelessness, deathRead MoreComparing the Ways Michael Herr in Dispatches and Pat Barker in Regeneration Show the Effects of War2879 Words   |  12 PagesComparing the Ways Michael Herr in Dispatches and Pat Barker in Regeneration Show the Effects of War When comparing Michael Herrs Dispatches and Regeneration by Pat Barker the differences in format, style and setting are clear from the outset. However both books explore the horrifying effect of war on those directly and indirectly involved. The two authors attempt to take the reader away from objective, statistical impressions of war and closer to the real experiencesRead MoreRepresentations Of Gender And Masculinity1503 Words   |  7 PagesRepresentations of gender and masculinity in Pat Barker s Regeneration. One of the major themes in Pat barker’s ‘Regeneration’ is gender and masculinity, this is my chosen theme. The novel overall reflects the struggles of World War one soldiers and their attempts to overcome the trauma of war experience. In this essay, I will be exploring ways which Barker represents my chosen themes. By discussing in depth and focusing on homosexuality, parenthood, emasculation, and mutism as a symbol. A keyRead MoreAnalysis Of Pat Barker s Night 2568 Words   |  11 Pagesanalyzing speak about the idea of mental health or war trauma during World War I and World War II, instead of calling it PTSD the authors call is shell shock, which is close to the definition of PTSD. The two books that I am analyzing is Pat Barker s Regeneration, which is focused on a mental institution and how soldiers deal with shell shock and many other internal struggles. The second is Elie Wiesel’s book Night, which speaks about a family that is taken to a concentration camp and is dealingRead MoreEmasculation Essay882 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿How does Pat Barker use symbolism in the novel Regeneration to explore the theme of emasculation? The theme emasculation appears several times throughout the novel Regeneration in variety of forms. Barker’s exploration of emasculation in the novel challenges traditional notions of manliness, showing war as a possible â€Å"feminine† experience. Pat Barker is bringing to attention that the atrocities suffered at war are making the soldiers unmanly as they’re facing shell shock and trauma. There are many

Corporate Objectives And Approaches To Marketing †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Objectives And Approaches To Marketing. Answer: Corporate objectives Corporate objectives can be considered as the coremarketing decision that can help a particular company to boost up their inner performances ("Target finds innovative ways to further CSR objectives", 2016). It can be said that a proper corporate marketing strategy can develop the business and can take the business to a different level of success. The corporate strategy actually anticipates the time frame and it also increases the performance and the flow of the business so that the targets can be reached within the given time period. In this case Marks Spencer is a famous retail business organization that has earned its reputation by making some famous strategic corporate objectives. It is basically a UK based company but the company is spread all over the world. Marketing orientation concept Marketing orientation concept can be classified in the mentioned ways, Product Concept The products should be like the way the customers demand. It can be said that the organization must have the products ready according to the daily needs of the customers and the products must at least carry the minimum quality so that the customers get the proper satisfaction. In this case, MS has maintained a good quality of products from the very first stage of the business. The prices of the products are also very versatile and it almost covers the entire stages of the society(Lemmerer Menrad, 2015). The high class people as well as the middle class people are satisfied with the servitude of the company. Production concept The production concept is totally based on the products those are demanded by the customers (Pooth, 2010). It is obvious that the company will target to produce those products more which have more demand. That is where the production concept lies. Selling concept The selling concept is totally depended on the concept of marketing. People will start to buy more products if the company is able to sell them in a proper mannerism. Proper marketing and proper selling concept can increase the business flow indeed. Marketing concept This is the most vital concept based on which the products of MS will be sold to its target customers. If the company wants to increase its sell then the concept of marketing must be taken very seriously and the authority of the company must try to bring out different marketing concepts(Schmitt, 2010). Societal Marketing concept This marketing concept actually focuses the different aspects of the society while attempting to make marketing of the products. MS should consider its competitors also in the field of this marketing concept and they must come up with new ideas. Core marketing strategy of the organization The marketing strategy of any particular organization is always effective in the field of business. In this case MS have been successfully adapted to all the best strategies those are available in the market. It can be segmented to into few categories, Strength Growth Strategies Growth is mainly based on some ideas based on which the company actually tries to expand the business venture. It can be said that the growth strategy starts from the very initial stage of introducing the product and it continues as the business goes on(Europe 2020, 2014). Innovation Strategies It is one of the most effective strategies where the company focuses to target the customers by producing innovative products. It can also be considered as the innovative strategies which mainly differentiates the company from its rivalry. Weakness Generic Strategies This strategy actually defines the core strategy that company must take while expanding the business area. It can be said that a particular business must put all its focus on the competitors and the situation of the market. That is the only way to build up the correct marketing strategies. The above mentioned strategies are more or less effective for MS but among three strategies, Innovation strategy holds the most advantageous position in the market (Chen Jaiprakash, 2017). Generic strategy is the most basic and amateur strategy so it is not as much effective as the other two strategies. References Chen, L., Jaiprakash, P. (2017). An Insurance Market Simulation With Both Adverse and Advantageous Selection.Risk Management And Insurance Review,20(1), 133-146. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rmir.12070 Europe 2020. (2014). Luxembourg. Lemmerer, A., Menrad, K. (2015). Customers use of prices and internal reference prices to evaluate new food products.British Food Journal,117(4), 1411-1424. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2014-0270 Pooth, O. (2010).The CMS silicon strip tracker. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. Schmitt, B. (2010). Experience Marketing: Concepts, Frameworks and Consumer Insights.Foundations And Trends In Marketing,5(2), 55-112. https://dx.doi.org/10.1561/1700000027 Target finds innovative ways to further CSR objectives. (2016).Corporate Philanthropy Report,31(9), 1-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cprt.30102

Defence policy of india free essay sample

India pursues a road of peaceful development, and firmly pursues a national defense policy which is defensive in nature. India is a developing country with vast territory and large population. Indias peace, security and development needs effective national defense. Indias national defense is subject to and serves its development and security strategy. It is not directed against nor does it threaten any country, and its fundamental purpose is to safeguard national security and unity, and ensure smooth progress of the cause of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. Indias national defense never goes beyond the need of safeguarding its national security. India has been and will remain firm in safeguarding international and regional peace, security and stability. India hopes the international community will view Indias national defense construction in an objective and fair manner. India is ready to work with all parties to strengthen mutual trust and cooperation with a view to promoting international peace, stability and development. India unswervingly pursues an independent foreign policy of peace. The fundamental goals of this policy are to preserve Indias independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, create a favorable international environment for Indias reform and opening up and modernization construction, maintain world peace and propel common development. Background Following India’s independence in 1947, then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru embarked on a foreign policy that was based on principles of socialism and remaining noncommittal to the emerging struggle between the Soviet Union and the countries forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the post-World War II period. Eventually, this policy led to India becoming one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1955. In practical terms, it placed India in a position of securing bilateral international commitments only in situations that were clearly neutral in nature or in cases of lastresort. The basic principles of nonalignment also governed the military relationships of the Indian defense establishment, resulting in limited military-tomilitary contacts, usually through United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions or training at foreign military schools. These practices were generally followed by his successors until the early 1990s when a changing geopolitical structure and an internal economic crisis began to challenge these principles. India’s answer to this challenge is to reach out to as many â€Å"friendly foreign countries† as possible to establish a balance of nonalignment with global multilateralism. The diversification of its defense supply base from the Soviet Union and later Russia to western suppliers resulted in a series of new agreements supporting its diversification, while also securing agreements with many of its smaller friends. Since 2000, India has increased the number of countries with which it has defense-specific agreements from seven to 26 by the end of 2008. Bilateral and multilateral exercises are also an increasing feature of India’s viexpanding defense relations as it seeks to find new technologies to transform its military from Cold War era weapons to 21st century capabilities through such opportunities. India’s interests have changed over the past decade or more, taking it from a position of nonalignment and noncommitment to having specific strategic interests taking it on a path of â€Å"poly-alignment. This path appears to be following four specific, but intermingled courses: †¢ Becoming a regional power across the Indian Ocean basin and securing agreements from partners in this region that support this goal, while building up expeditionary capabilities in its navy and air force. At the same time, it continues to modernize its army to deal with potential threats from its immediate neighbors and internal insurgency groups, and to fulfill its goal of being a global leader in UN peacekeeping. Developing â€Å"strategic partnerships† with countries perceived as leaders of a global, multipolar order and seeking modern military capabilities from many of those countries. This includes modern weapon systems as well as the and technology licensed production associated with those weapon systems. †¢ Securing or maintaining ties with smaller countries globally, many of which are members of the NAM, that can provide support in international fora as well as provide potential markets for its own emerging defense industry. Maintaining its position of leadership in the NAM and publically presenting itself as â€Å"nonaligned† despite its actual alignments in the three above thrust areas. Many of the recent changes in India’s global defense relationships represent a vast departure from past policy and practices. Given that the Congress Party and its United Progressive Alliance coalition received a strong electoral mandate on its reelection in May 2009, these changes are likely to continue and perhaps will see bold moves to further develop and deepen strategic relationships around the world. As India cements its expanding defense relationships through purchase of major defense platforms and the associated technology transfers and co-production agreements, it will define the course of its long-term relationships for the coming decades. National Security, Defence Policy and Planning It is generally acknowledged that the approach to national security requires a comprehensive view of various political, social, economic, technological and strategic aspects. National security implies not only safeguarding territorial boundaries but also that the nation is able to build a cohesive, egalitarian, technologically efficient and progressive society with a good quality of life. Compared with national security, defence policy is more focussed, concerned with the protection of the state and its citizens from direct and indirect (proxy) military threats and actions of other states. In defence planning, the emphasis shifts to national security concerns that are mainly military in nature. There are two concepts at this level: deterrence (including coercive diplomacy) and defence (dissuasion). Deterrence refers to policies designed to discourage the adversary from taking direct or proxy military action, by raising the cost so that it outweighs the gains that he may wish to attain. Defence (dissuasion) policies are designed to reduce the capability of the adversary to cause damage—and own costs and risks—in the event deterrence fails. Deterrence and defence are two interwoven strands of defence policy. Defence planning involves the conceptualisation of plans and decisions for the execution of defence policy. Long-term planning for defence is essential for the following reasons: (a) The existence of a highly fluid strategic environment, which results in continuous shifts and changing profiles of threat and power equations. (b) To ensure judicious allocation of resources and cost effective utilisation. (c) Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA), i. e. advances in technology, which result in weapons and equipment systems becoming obsolete at a fast rate. Lead time required to raise and prepare defence units; to produce or acquire and introduce new weapons and equipment systems. (e) The changing nature of conflict and reduced reaction time. (f) Coordination problems between defence, economic, science and technology, infrastructure and industrial activities, as well as among the Defence Forces. The defence planning process attempts to match the budgetary resources likely to be made available for the requirement to establish the defence capability necessary to face the threats and challenges. This exercise is undertaken in two phases: (a) What should be the proportion allocated to the defence effort as against other areas of national security concerns and economic growth? This exercise involves a ‘visionary’ analysis of external and internal security threats (often linked) and challenges. In order to minimise adverse affects of high military expenditure on socio-economic development, it is necessary to harmonise national development planning with defence planning. (b) Optimisation of allocated resources, i.e. distribution of resources within the Ministry of Defence (MoD) based on Force planning (Force and weapons mix, command and control, logistics and human resources management) by the Defence Services to combat current and future threats, and development of required capabilities by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), defence production and other agencies concerned. The quantum of indigenous production and the requirements to be procure d from outside are decided in this phase. The objective is to achieve maximumdefence capability from the given resources. Both allocation and distribution are closely linked. They need to be reviewed periodically but not so frequently that the planning process becomes ad hoc. In India’s case, this is done at five-year intervals. Background of Defence Planning in India Before independence, the defence services worked on a system of contract budget. Defence expenditure was pegged at Rs 55 crore per year, which was more than half of the Central Government’s revenue. There was no serious threat from outside (except during World War II, when a fresh agreement was signed) and this amount was more than adequate to maintain the establishment. The savings were not allowed to lapse but put away in the Defence Reserve Fund that was utilised to finance measures for reequipment of the Defence Services, thus freeing the Government from having to provide fund money greater than the contract amount. Expenditure on defence rose steeply soon after independence. However,  there was no planned effort and defence programmes consisted mainly of outright purchases from abroad, drawing heavily on available Sterling reserves. In the late 1950s, some efforts were made to initiate domestic weapons production by the Ministry of Defence when Mr Krishna Menon was the Defence Minister. The Sino-Indian conflict in 1962 aroused a new defence consciousness in the country. After taking care of immediate postwar requirements, systematic defence planning started in 1964. Defence requirements were assessed on a five-year basis and the First Five Year Defence Plan (1964-69) was drawn up. This plan took into account the resources available and assistance which could be expected from friendly foreign countries. The plan was primarily based on an expansion and modernisation programme considered necessary by each Service in the light of the respective threat perception assessed. It also proposed a defence production base that would gradually reduce the country’s external dependence, provide for improvements in border roads and communications, and a modest expansion of DRDO. The Government recognised the imperative need to synergise `defence’ and `development’ instead of planning each on a separate and un-related level. The MoD emphasised the â€Å"inevitable need to harness all resources of the country for the country’s defence and for the defence effort to derive full sustenance from the country’s economic development plans†. Thereafter, the National Development Council authorised the Chairman of the Planning Commission to review the needs of both development and defence. A Planning Cell was established in 1965 in the Ministry of Defence ‘to deal with the wider aspects of defence planning’. The new system was intended to facilitate medium and long-term defence planning and to maintain constant liaison with the Planning Commission and other ministries. It was expected that the MoD would derive maximum advantage from the development effort by being able to place its priorities for consideration along with the overall economic and industrial plans drawn up by the Planning Commission. The experience of the First Five Year Defence Plan showed that the development of weapons and equipment was a long drawn out process. The Government realised that there could be no forward movement in attaining self-sufficiency in weapons and equipment unless these requirements were planned over a reasonably long period, long enough to cover the span of development and production of new weapons systems and other fighting tools. The inadequacy of foreign exchange reserves was another hindrance in planning and implementation. In order to mitigate some of these drawbacks, the Second Five Year Defence Plan (1969-74) was instituted on a â€Å"roll-on† basis. After a year, an additional year was added so that the Defence Services would have before them a revised and up-dated five-year plan. In this context, the MoD commented: â€Å"Opportunity is taken by this annual exercise to take note of and reflect the change in priorities, the shifts in emphasis and the latest concepts and programmes to reorient the plan within the scheme of resources so that the aims and means are most effectively balanced. † This system was expected to facilitate the planning of projects that took five years or more and to revise or eliminate projects, depending on the prevailing foreign exchange situation and availability ofdomestic resources. For a period of five years, firm assurances were to be given on the availability of resources. This, unfortunately, never happened. In 1971, it was impossible to adhere to the discipline and the pattern of the rollon plan. Instead of roll-on annual revisions, immediate requirements dominated the Government’s attention that pre-empted plan efforts. In its 1971-72 Annual Report, the MoD acknowledged that having a Planning Cell in the ministry was an insufficient and unsatisfactory method of meeting a crisis. The Planning Cell was not taken seriously in the crucial stages of economic planning and the argument that defence needs would be adjusted in the over-all allocation of resources was proved wrong. In 1974, an Apex Group headed by the Union Minister for Planning again suggested that steady long-term defence programmes would be more cost effective and economical rather than fluctuating allocations due to periodic economic and security crises. In order to integrate defence planning with the overall economic planning effort, defence and economic development plans were made co-terminus. The Planning Machinery Most of the defence planning machinery and planning methodology was developed in the decade 1964-74. The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) was established in the Cabinet Secretariat to provide external and internal threat assessments. Inputs for this purpose were to be provided by all Intelligence agencies of the Government. The Service Chiefs were to assess the broad military aims and a strategy, coordinated in the Chiefs of Staff Committee, was to be approved by the Defence Minister. However, this was seldom done. Each Service ended up planning its own force level, choice of weapons and equipment, and build-up of infrastructure. In 1977, the Government formed a Committee for Defence Planning (CDP) to â€Å"undertake regular assessments relevant to defence planning in the light of all factors having a bearing on national security and defence†. However, this committee could not function smoothly nor meet the desired goals. Planning units were also established in the Department of Defence Production and DRDO. A Planning and Coordination Cell was created in the MoD to coordinate and compile various plans into a ‘Defence Plan’ for Cabinet approval. As the bureaucrats in the ministry had no professional knowledge or background, this cell could only compile different requirements without any analysis. In Army Headquarters, the Deputy Chief of Army Staff was made responsible for preparing the Army plan. A Perspective Planning Directorate was established in the late 1970s. Naval and Air plans were prepared in the respective Planning Directorates. Financial considerations, non-existent at this level earlier, were introduced through Finance Planning Sections attached to these Directorates. In 1986, the Directorate General of Defence Planning Staff (DGDPS), comprising officers from the three Services, DRDO, and Ministries of Defence and External Affairs, was established under the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) to coordinate and harmonise defence planning. Civilian officers from the Ministries probably did not find the job professionally satisfying and were gradually withdrawn, thus leaving the DGDPS a tri-Service set up. All these measures enabled each Service headquarters to prepare defence plans in a more rational manner. But due to lack of clear political direction and each Service primarily planning for itself, joint planning, coordination between Services and other departmental plans of the MoD, were largely ignored. After the Kargil conflict in 1999, the Group of Ministers (GoM) and later the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) approved several reforms. An Integrated Defence Headquarters (IDH) was established and the DGDPS was merged with it. The creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), whose tasks would include ensuring intra and inter-Services prioritisation of defence plans and improvement in joint functioning of the Defence Services, was recommended. The reforms also included establishment of a Defence Intelligence Agency and creation of Defence Equipment Production, Research and Planning councils in the IDH and MoD, respectively. Unfortunately, the CDS, who would be the cornerstone of integrated operational planning for defence, has not been appointed. Analysis of the System Despite several years of planning efforts, defence planning in India is characterised by seesaw bouts of frenzied activity followed by long periods of relative inaction. Five-year defence plans have rarely been formally approved before commencement. The Tenth Defence Plan, now in its third year, is yet to be accorded formal government approval. Ad-hocism is the order of the day, leading to knee-jerk responses and haphazard planning, making India a reactive rather than pro-active nation in matters pertaining to national security. Whenever India’s major adversaries plan a big defence purchase, there is an outcry for similar acquisitions, resulting in piecemeal decisions regardless of long-term impact and overall requirements. The Defence Forces are forced to follow â€Å"a case-by-case† approach to modernisation and procurement of arms, ammunition and equipment to replace obsolescent items, in many cases long after their life cycle is over and they cannot be maintained in a cost effective manner. The Army’s Vijayanta tanks, MiG-21s of the IAF, and IL-38 maritime reconnaissance aircraft of the Navy are some examples. Weapons development, procurement and absorption are complex processes. A lead-time of 15-20 years is required to plan and execute major projects. Despite this, for several years, a large amount of the capital acquisition budget has been surrendered. In the prevailing era of strategic uncertainty, the changing nature of warfare demands a judicious mix of threat and capabilities-based forces that can operate efficiently as combined arms, joint Services teams and components of multi-national coalition forces. National Security Policy and Strategy The concept of national security rests mainly on the proposition that many foreign and domestic political, economic and military issues are inter-related, each with implications on the other. In India’s case, this has been highlighted by insurgencies and other political events, particularly in border-states, and other outside pressures, which are brought to bear on the country’s economy and technological progress from time to time. A response to this type of environment calls for a highly focussed national security policy and strategy. Effective guidance on national security and defence policy objectives is fundamental to the defence planning process. National security is a relative matter without a firm criteria but unless firm national security objectives are set and a defence policy evolved, there can be no military doctrine or balancing of defence effort with other national objectives and priorities such as maintaining a viable economy and supporting development of society. The lack of a cohesive national security strategy and defence policy has many implications. First, it results in the absence of clear political direction regarding politicomilitary objectives, which is the very basis of sound defence planning. Secondly, there is inadequate coordination of defence plans and economic development. Finally, science and technology policies for defence, general industrialisation and other development programmes are not coordinated properly to achieve security goals and objectives. Perspective Planning Perspective planning needs to be done in the Integrated Defence Headquarters, where military, technical and RD experts take an integrated view of future threats and challenges. This has to be based on future battlefield scenarios, and array of forecasts, evaluation of strategic options and force mixes, and analysis of potential technical and industrial capabilities. Based on this, the respective Service should work on their perspective plans and the RD and Defence Production/Supplies experts should spell out their requirements in terms of effort, technology and indigenous production. Self-reliance in Defence Technology The DRDO has a network of 51 laboratories and establishments. The Scientific Advisor (SA) to the Raksha Mantri (RM) is the Secretary of this Department. The DRDO has a staff of 30,000, including 6,800 scientists and engineers. It receives approximately four to six per cent of the defence budget annually. The DRDO is engaged in the pursuit of self-reliance in critical technologies relevant to defence. It formulates and executes a programme of scientific research, design and development for the induction into the Armed Forces of state-of-the-art weapons and other equipments. In April 1984, the DRDO envisaged a programme â€Å"to transform the Department into a leader of international class with the mission to capture and retain commanding heights in critical technologies†. A ‘mission mode’ organisational structure and approach was approved by the Government with a view to increasing the element of self-reliance from the current 30 per cent to 70 per cent by 2005. This goal, however, is nowhere in sight. The Department has developed more than 1,100 items of weapon systems and equipment with a production value of over Rs 6,000 crore. But it has not been able to make any major contribution to the state-of-art weapons and equipment. Most of its programmes, like Prithvi (sea borne version), Trishul (short-range surface to air missile), Akash (medium-range surface to air missile), Nag (anti-tank missile), Light Combat Aircraft with Kaveri engine, Pinaka (multiple-barrel rocket system), MBT Arjun, Electronic Warfare equipment, new radio sets for the Army, Sonar system for Navy, and many other items, are way behind schedule. Because of the failure to deliver the required weapons and equipment, defence planning and Force structuring by the Services has suffered continuously. The DRDO’s inability to deliver in time has caused a crisis of confidence and constant dissatisfaction in the Services. In order to ensure smooth progress towards self-reliance in defence technology, the Government must undertake a periodic performance audit of DRDO projects to reinforce efforts in areas of success and weed out projects that are unproductive. Defence Production and Supply The Defence Production Department created in 1962 and the Department of Defence Supply set up in 1965 were merged in 1984 to constitute the Department of Defence Production and Supplies. Presently, 39 Ordnance factories and eight Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) come under this department. The Directorate of Quality Assurance, Air Technical Development and Production (Air), Standardisation, and Exhibition Organisation also form part of this Department. The Ordnance Factories produce more than 1,500 items of arms, ammunition, equipment and components. Most of these products constitute relatively low to mediumtechnology items. Twenty per cent of the output goes to non-defence customers. Due to the very high cost of production, delivery delays and suspect quality, it has not been possible to meet export targets and, sometimes, even orders given by the Services. Ordnance factories as well as DPSUs need to shed the manufacture of low technology items to the private sector and focus on hi-tech products. They should also be in a position to take up substantial product improvement themselves and not be dependent on DRDO. Defence Planning Tools In recent years, defence economics and management techniques have made an important contribution to defence planning. A number of techniques such as Operational Research and Systems Analysis (ORSA), Planning Programming and Budgeting Systemhave been developed to make the planning process more systematic and to maximise the benefits obtained from the given amount of resources. Systems Analysis can assist in developing rational procedures for procurement of new weapons systems. Systems performance at design stage can be evaluated through computer simulation. Planners all over the world are using computerised war-gaming techniques and structure analysis. Prospects exist for a more enlightened approach that can bring together military officers, historians, technologists and quantitative analysts. In many countries, there is a growing interest in analytical realism, operational relevance and integrated defence planning. In India the Services are far behind in introducing these aids in our defence planning system. The planning directorates in Service Headquarters do not even have data banks which can provide relevant information on a specified subject. Most of the planners have high combat and command qualifications but little clue of the modern techniques. There is an urgent need to introduce modern planning aids into our planning system. Defence planners should also learn the basic principles and techniques of economic analysis and not leave it to their ‘Finance’ colleagues. Management of Defence Budget A major lacuna in defence planning and implementation has been lack of financial commitment for the Plan period. Financially, the defence plans are treated more as annual plans rather than composite five years plan. There is a rush to spend the annual capital budget by the end of the financial year since the amount not spent has to be surrendered. In FY 2004-05, the previous government had proposed to institute a non-lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund of Rs 25,000 crore. This was a long awaited reform in the defence-finance mechanism as budgeted capital expenditure worth thousands of crores was surrendered year after year. However, the new government, being of the view that there are no provisions in the budgetary rules and regulations to carry forward unspent funds for three years, has done away with this reform. It needs to be pointed out that a similar procedure was being followed in the 1930s and 1940s. The provisions invoked at that time need to be studied carefully and could be used as a precedent. Action should be taken expeditiously to revive the Defence Modernization Fund. Otherwise, funds earmarked for capital expenditure on an annual basis will continue to lapse, leading to lack of systematic defence preparedness. In the Revenue Budget, there is a need to include incentives to save and reduce annual maintenance expenditure without adversely affecting operational efficiency. It is also necessary to exploit the increasing domestic industrial capability to support the existing infrastructure and thus reduce maintenance costs and enhance the quality ofmaintenance. Human Resources Management The development of human resources must keep pace with the modernisation of the armed forces so that new, state-of-the-art equipment can be optimally exploited by well trained and motivated soldiers, sailors and airmen. The age profile of military personnel, particularly in the Army, and the age of commanders at battalion and brigade levels needs to be looked into. Currently, a soldier has to serve for 15 to 17 years to earn his pension. When he retires, besides the lifelong pension that has to be paid, a trained individual is lost to the nation. Similarly, while there is a shortage of approximately 14,000 officers, most officers retire in rank of Lieutenant Colonel or Colonel at the age of 52-54 years when they still have years of productive life ahead though they are no longer for active combat. Innovative measures need to be adopted to reduce the effects of the current national loss on this account. The best method would be to institute a procedure of ‘lateral induction† under which both officers and personnel below officer rank can be transferred to central police and paramilitary forces(CPMFs). The colour (active) service of jawans should be reduced to 7-10 years with no pension liability after which the volunteers are transferred to the BSF, CRPF, ITBP, CISF and other such forces. Similarly, the Shipping Corporation of India, National Port Trust and other such maritime organisations can fruitfully employ Naval personnel. Ex-servicemen will be expected to serve in these organisations till superannuation, after which they would be entitled to pension. This will improve the age profile of the Services, provide trained manpower to the CPMFs, ensure productive long-term employment for a large number of trained men till superannuation, and also reduce the pension bill of the Central Government. The Army should increase the recruitment of Short Service Officers to make up its shortfall. Induction of these officers to the CPMFs after five years of service will improve junior leadership and effectiveness of these forces in internal security and counter insurgency operations. Given the fluid strategic environment and the rapid advances in defence technology, there is a need for judicious allocation of the limited budgetary resources. Long lead times are required for creating futuristic Forces, hence the need to make long-termdefence planning mandatory. Greater synergy between defence and development plans is required. †¢ The lack of a cohesive national security strategy and defence policy has resulted in inadequate political direction regarding politico-military objectives. The Government should prepare a clear national security strategy, defence policy, and review it every 4-5 years. †¢ In view of the time taken to create the capabilities necessary for facing future threats and challenges, it is essential for the Defence Services to evolve 10 to 15-year perspective plans with the required budgetary support. †¢ The Chiefs of Staff Committee has not been successful in preparing comprehensive ‘integrated defence plans’ due to emphasis on single Service planning and constant competition among the Services for a bigger share of resources. The civilian bureaucrats in the MoD do not have the professional expertise to decide on interService priorities. Hence, the early appointment of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) is essential as he will be the cornerstone for integrated defence and operational planning. †¢ A non-lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund must be expeditiously created to ensure that allocations are optimally utilised and funds earmarked for capital acquisitions are not allowed to lapse. †¢ The Revenue Budget of the Services needs to be better managed. Annual maintenance expenditure can be curtailed by greater exploitation of the available public and private sector industrial infrastructure capability and offering incentives to the Services to save. †¢ To ensure smooth progress towards self-reliance in defence technology, the Government must undertake a periodic performance audit of the DRDO plans and projects. The review should reinforce efforts in areas of success and weed out unproductive projects. †¢ Ordnance Factories should produce only hi-tech products and shed the production of low-tech items to the private sector. Integrated Defence Staff and the Services’ perspective planners should acquire expertise in operational research and systems analysis, as also financial planning, for evolving complex integrated defence plans. †¢ In order to improve the age profile of the Services and simultaneously reduce the pension bill of the Central Government, personnel below officer rank should be transferred to central police and paramilitary forces (CPMFs) after active service of 7-10 years. †¢ The Army should increase recruitment of Short Service Officers to make up its shortfall. Induction of these officers to the CPMFs after five years of service will improve junior leadership and effectiveness of these forces in internal security and counter insurgency operations. CONCLUSION Defence planning has been neglected for long in India. This has led to ad-hocismin decision-making and adversely affected the modernisation plans of the Services. The key issues needing immediate attention include the need for formal prior approval for five-year defence Plans, better management of the defence revenue and capital acquisition budgets, streamlining of the defence procurement process and better human resources management. The Government of India should appoint a group of eminent experts to study the present defence planning process, identify the lacunae and grey areas in the process and recommend structural and procedural changes. The aim should be to streamline defence planning, harmonize it with national development plans, and make the process more responsive in order to deal effectively with the rapidly changing geostrategic and regional security environment.