Interpretive exercise Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interpretive exercise - Assignment Example There are several different ways that the word is translated. It can be translated meaning benefit or bounty—as when someone prays, etc. Grace can be an expression of thanks—whether for benefits, services, or favors. Grace can also mean some type of recompense or reward for having done a very good job. Another way in which grace could be used would be to talk about the actual token or proof or benefit that grace provides. Of course, grace could also mean the spiritual condition in which one finds oneself where one is guided by the power of divine grace. Grace can also mean those things which are they themselves due to grace having been part of their lives. Grace is also known as an exercising of the Christian virtues. Grace keeps one. Grace strengthens one. Grace is supposed to increase us in the Christian faith; grace is supposed to undergird our knowledge and inform our affections, kindling us to do good works. Of course, in this passage to the Ephesians, Paul is maki ng an exhortation that we not only take the grace that has been bestowed upon us by Christ, but this is a call to action helping everyone realize that we are not to take that grace for granted as Christians. Grace affords us joy. It gives us pleasing moments and moments of delight, sweetness, loveliness, and of course charm. The way Christians act should be undergirded by graceful speech, with goodwill, lovingkindness, and a favor that we can extend to others by simply making a pathway to lead a gracious life, thankful for all that we have and all that we are and all that we do. Matching Up Meanings and Translations The question could then be raised, â€Å"Does the author’s argument in the book suggest a meaning?†2 For, living the Christian life is not just about being a poser saying that one loves Jesus. Because, ultimately, it is not merely enough to declare that one has been absolved of all sins and then go out and do whatever one wants. One must live a life that is pleasing to God in any and all aspects of our lives. Next we had to match up these meanings and translations with the Scripture verses in which each appears. It was quite extensive, but basically we saw the same pattern reoccurring over and over again. It has been said that mercy is not getting something you deserve, while grace is getting something that you don’t deserve. It’s important to know the difference. As has been aforementioned, there are a great wide variety of meanings that have come to be associated with what grace is—as well as what grace is not. â€Å"By faith are ye saved by grace† is one of the calling cards of the New Testament in Ephesians 2:8a, from the King James Version. Grace comes from the Greek root â€Å"charis,† and lends itself to the word charity, which does not just mean handouts being given to a bum out on the street—but charis is also the root word for charity, which also can mean â€Å"love.† Colossia ns 3:16 in the King James Version also states, â€Å"Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord.†3 In this case, grace most definitely appears to mean ‘love.’ But, as it may come as no surprise that Paul also wrote this Letter to the Colossians, he is definitely

Widow, is no longer able to live independently Essay Example for Free

Widow, is no longer able to live independently Essay Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family? Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family? Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family?Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family?Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family?Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family?Mrs. Jones, a widow, is no longer able to live independently and is requiring more and more help with her self-care. Her daughter, Susie, who is married with three school-aged children, agrees to let her mother move in with her. Susie is concerned with balancing the demands of her career and the needs of her family, especially now that her elderly and chronically ill mother will need assistance. She is also unsure about how she feels with the reversal of roles, having to now be the primary caregiver of her mother. How can the nurse, caring for this family, assist with the changes they are about to undergo? How can both the family structural theory and the family developmental theory be applied to this scenario? How can health education enhance health promotion for this family?

Progressivism and Philosophy :: Teaching Teachers Education Essays

Progressivism and Philosophy It has often been said that it takes a whole village to educate a child. Children learn from watching others, working with others, and experiencing first hand the whole realm of learning. Most children are born inquisitive and eager to learn. Preschoolers and early childhood learners are in the discovery mode and must be allowed to experience the relevancy of learning. Public education is the joint effort of teachers and community to provide learning for children. Teachers must have a specific role with specific goals to accomplish the best results. These goals can be achieved by applying certain teaching methods and classroom management skills. Children learn better in a well-disciplined (controlled) environment that provides the appropriate curriculum for each grade level. Reading, writing, and arithmetic – the core classes – are essential to the foundation of a child’s education. Without these skills, children would not be able to excel in the â€Å"real† world or progress to each level of learning. Furthermore, education should address each students other needs and interests. Since children learn at a different rate or have different interests as to how they learn, it is important that I, as a teacher, be willing to use as many strategies as needed to reach each child. Teach them to read and write and do math computations, but also help them to learn in the areas of art, science, social sciences and music. It will be my job to recognize the needs of my students and teach them the not only basic skills but also creative ones so that they will have a well-rounded curriculum and develop a positive attitude towards learning. I want them to develop a â€Å"want to† desire for active participation in future learning. Cooperative learning is a teaching strategy that has children helping children to learn. It aids in developing leadership, cooperation, creativity, and teamwork – all essential elements in the real world. Using community resources and volunteers will provide variety in the daily routine of school and strengthen the â€Å"want to† attitude of children to get actively involved in learning. It is my opinion that the classroom has gotten to be too â€Å"technical†.

“Mother” by Grace Paley Essay

The Jewish Grace Paley was born in 1922 and grew up in the Bronx, New York. Quite dedicated in the civil rights movement she started writing short stories in the fifties. Additionally, Paley was involved in the women’s- and the peace movement. She wrote a number of short stories but got never done a whole book. Her stories contain mostly daily people from different ethnic groups, especially of the Jewish population. Grace Paley often tells her stories in an ironical sound and perspective of a female narrator. â€Å"Mother† is a short but profound story. It is told through the flashbacks of a daughter. Pointing out several details, the image where the mother stands in various doorways is the most remarkable one. At the end of a story, there is a sentence â€Å"I wish I could see her in the doorway of the living room.† As a reader, I understand that the narrator utter these words from the bottom of her heart. It is likely to me that there is a mixture of feelings e xpressed in this saying: nostalgia and regret. The first reason of her wish is that she misses her mother. She misses her so much with all what she used to do when she was alive. All her memories seem to revive within her mind. We all know that family sentiments are very delicate, especially sentiments between mother and daughter. Therefore, even years after her death, whenever she misses her mother, everything seems like just happen yesterday. The second reason for her wish is because of her regret or repentance. When her mother was still alive, she made her sad and worried a lot about her. Now she wants to see her mother again to tell her that she has made a great progress. She has become mature and led a good life as her mother always hoped. Also, she feels regretful because her mother died when her mind was full of worry; neither the daughter nor the husband set her mind at rest. If her mother reappeared in the doorway again, she would tell her immediately that she could feel secure about her future and rest in peace. Above a ll else, it is her nostalgia and regret that she wishes to see her mother again in the door. As human beings, people often do not know what they get until it has gone. Consequently, they live with nostalgia and regret. The author uses a lot of stylistics devices to make the story more sentimental. There is a rhetorical question â€Å"what will become of you?† which shows the mother’s concern about her daughter’s future. We can see that the mother really cares  about her daughter. Another impressive stylistic device is when the father complains about his work. He uses a repetition of the word â€Å"talk†. It occurs four times in one paragraph. As a result, he says the words â€Å"talk talk talk talk† back-to-back but, nevertheless, still doesn’t talk to her which shows his indifference. The author uses a quite simple language, and keeps her sentences relatively clear and brief. She might do this to point out that the narrator is just a simple girl, a teenager. The lesson I draw from this story is that we should cherish what we are p ossessing, especially our parents. Their love and care is endless. Like it is said the story, most don’t take much of their mothers’ advice, but later they realize how important they were.

Profiteering By Nonprofit Organizations Essay

Buckhoff and Parham provide documented information toward the fiscal misconduct of employees and volunteers within nonprofit organizations (NPOs). Citations include legal case results from several prominent NPOs, including Goodwill Industries and the Carnegie Institute. The research offers reasoning that corruption by an NPO may well be due to the isolated unethical behavior of key individuals. Buckhoff and Parham review how the a few individuals affect public perception of the organization as a whole even when no unethical activities by the NPO as an organization are legally founded. The research offered is critical to this paper as it introduces corruption as an existing act within an NPO, but not necessarily by an NPO. Hanson, J. (2008). Culture, change, and cascading damage at a United Way. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 20(1), 119. John Hanson, PhD, is the Director of Development, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Foundation. Hanson has published over 60 papers focused upon third world interactions with nonprofit organizations, governmental interaction, and social standings of the Muslim faith. Hanson gives credence to social sector concerns when nonprofit organizations aligned with political ideals, opposed by the general public sector, continue to elicit civil sector funding not equitably distributed across stated mission programs. Hanson cites direct relationships between economic greed by non-profit executives through obscure programs and associated political agendas. The research introduces the term â€Å"Social Contract† (pp. 123-4) as Hanson provides empirical evidence towards ethical misconduct and potential profiteering. The research provided in this paper offers significant support toward exploring social expectations and ethical challenges when defining profiteering by nonprofit organizations. Kelman, S. (2007). Public Administration and Organization Studies. Academy Of Management Annals, 1. 225-267. Steven Kelman, PhD, is a Director of Governmental Studies at John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Kelman has published over 64 papers and books related to the subject of organizational studies, nonprofit management, and governmental influence. This paper focuses upon academic interests toward the progressive transformation of nonprofit entities as an isomorphic structure bridging private and civil sector service organizations. Kelman focuses upon an increasing manifestation of financial greed and managerial corruption fostered by a declining interest in nonprofit studies by senior academic bodies. The article provides evidence toward the shift between methodological and empirical research necessary to capture and report the differences between economic output and social outcomes to which governmental and non-profit organizations are accountable. This research presented is critical to the individual study of profiteering as it provides a compilation of historical case analysis within the (un)ethical behavior of nonprofit organizations. Levi, M. (2006). The media construction of financial white-collar crimes. British Journal of Criminology, 46(6), 1037-1057. doi:10. 1093/bjc/az1079 Michael Levi, PhD, is a retired British Magistrate and professor of law. Levi’s research focuses primarily upon how social media build and often accelerate public concern over white-collar crimes. The critical cases assessed by Levi review for-profit activities with only a cursory review over nonprofit organizations. However, the study offers that with both for-profit and nonprofit activities, media sensationalism produces an undue criticism upon financial misconduct. The information gained from this study, supports the necessary assessment and comparison of financial misconduct by nonprofit activities and that of a limited number of individuals during brief moments of the organization’s existence.  Nahan, M. & D’Cruz, D. (2004). NGOs undermining democracy. Review – Institute of Public Affairs, 56(4), 7-9. Nahan and D’Cruz share a combined success of publishing over 160 studies and texts focused upon the relationship between U. S. non-profit organizations (non-governmental organizations) and a global NPO marketplace. Researching non-profit impact upon political corruption Nahan et al, observe a tendency for corrupt government offices to cast doubt upon supporting NPO programs both within the U. S. and abroad. A social-political review of the Newmont Mining Company and Indonesian governmental activities within its mining industry is provided as designated NGOs supporting activities between major entities as a public sector watchdog demonstrate broad-spectrum signs of corrupt activities. This paper supports a relationship between non-profit activities and political corruption. Rashid, S. (2006). Watchman, who watches thee? Donors and corruption in less-developed countries. Independent Review, 10(3), 411. Rashid provides a critical study over financial misconduct by public sector and third sector organizations. Over the past decades, several nations working with the United Nations have supported the development of â€Å"Watchdog† organizations. These are public charities or other designated NPOs given the task to monitor mission and fiscal related national and international activities of other public and nonprofit organizations. Rashid offers that unethical activities are not only conducted by NPO/NGO activities, but also by donors of such activities in the reporting and distribution of materials, goods, and funding. Observing NPO activities in third world nations, Rashid finds that watchdog organizations become compromised as donors assert both political and public influence. The study provides critical insight leading to question methods of monitoring, reporting, and correcting fraudulent financial activities by NPOs. Shughart, I. F. (2011). Disaster relief as bad public policy. Independent Review, 15(4), 519-539. Shughart summarizes the governmental and social response toward fiscal distribution and political reliance upon nonprofit organizations supporting post hurricane Katrina recovery. Shughart researches the negative results of relying upon organizations of good will when awarding liberal grants with limited means of accountability or oversight. A relevant correlation is formed, demonstrating the relationship between federally funded nonprofit emergency relieve activities and slack political controls. Seminal works by disaster scholars and government reports investigating post hurricane Katrina cited arguments regarding â€Å"fiscal nepotism by executives† and the path leading to long-term social sector harm. The research supports concerns of nonprofit fiscal misconduct through publically documented federal research into Hurricane Katrina activities. Tarlson, N. G. (2008). Donor-advised funds: Preparing for closer scrutiny. Journal of Accounting, 205(1), 28-31. Nick Tarlson is a CPA and owner of Tarlson & Associates of San Francisco. Tarlson also acts as an adjunct faculty member of graduate programs in accounting, finance, and taxation at Golden Gate University. In this publication, Tarlson summarizes congressional interests in adjusting the regulatory policies governing donor-advised funds (DAF). The interest and proposed guidance is that DAF become a standardization applied to many charitable activities with strict policies and punitive actions when disregarding the desired distribution of funds. Incentives are offered to both donor and charity for supporting these new policies which offer the research into NPO fiscal corruption a potential alternative and corrective action in resolution to the growing dilemma of fiscal fraud. Tilley, C. (2010). Rally to our standards. Financial Management (14719185), 50. Charles Tilley, PhD, is the CEO of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. He has published or edited over 100 scholarly papers and books. Governments from around the world have coalesced to establish anti-corruption agencies that operate with, yet outside of local and federal government prevue from any nation. Tilley reviews the concerns of fiscal management by NPOs from the perspective of professional accountants. A concern introduced by Tilley and pursued by the research of this paper, is the influence political decisions have upon the funding of public charities by governmental offices. This article provides an international private sector review of shared concerns by civil and public sector agents seeking to understand the cause and control mechanisms of increased fiscal mismanagement by nonprofit executives. Tuckman, H. P. , & Chang, C. E. (1998). How pervasive are abuses in fundraising among nonprofits. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 9(2), 211. Howard Tuckman, PhD, is a professor of economics and dean of the College of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University. Cyril Chang, PhD, is a professor of economics at the Fogel College of Business and Economics, University of Memphis. The research and publication of this paper reflect a study of fundraising abuses in 1988. The report is inherently dated and subsequently insubstantial toward validating current practices. However, the research identifies a subjective concern towards fraudulent activities that is subsequently negated, or at least minimized, following a qualitative scientific study. While current articles, studies, books, and published papers identify a continued concern toward NPO fundraising and distribution of funds received, the work of Tuckman and Chang present a need for continued qualitative research. It is imperative that the reasoning and outcome of this paper or similar research be included into any effort to expose unethical conduct of fiscal activities by NPOs. Werker, E. , & Ahmed, F. (2008). What do nongovernmental organizations do? The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(2), 73-92. Werker and Ahmed summarize accountability over the past decade of government activities outsourced to nonprofit activities. Executed as a means to reduce government costs of operations, there is an increased number of programs redistributed from the civil sector agencies to nonprofit entities assigned to supersede traditional government activities. This paper identifies how non-profit organizations miraculously appear with no past performance or history only to receive committed funding, often in excess of the originally expenditure to manage civil sector programs. The information presented within this paper offers supporting information toward nonprofit organizations and issues of political corruption.

The Greek God Poseidon, Lord of the Sea, Neptune

The Greek God Poseidon, Lord of the Sea, Neptune The mighty Earthshaker, Poseidon ruled the waves that the ancient seafaring Greeks depended upon. Fisherman and sea captains swore fealty to him and avoided his wrath; the sea gods persecution of the hero Odysseus was well known, and few wished to wander so far and so long before finding their home port. In addition to his influence over the seas, Poseidon was responsible for earthquakes, striking the ground with his trident, a three-pronged spear, to awesomely devastating effect. Birth of Poseidon Poseidon was the son of the titan Cronos and brother to the Olympian gods Zeus and Hades. Cronos, fearful of a son who would overthrow him as he vanquished his own father Ouranos, swallowed each of his children as they were born. Like his brother Hades, he grew up inside the bowels of Cronos, until the day when Zeus tricked the titan into vomiting up his siblings. Emerging victorious after the ensuing battle, Poseidon, Zeus and Hades drew lots to divide up the world they had gained. Poseidon won dominion over the waters and all its creatures. Alternate Greek myths suggest that Poseidons mother, Rhea, transformed him into a stallion to stymie Cronos appetite. It was in the form of a stallion that Poseidon pursued Demeter, and fathered a foal, the horse Areion. Poseidon and the Horse Oddly for the god of the sea, Poseidon is deeply associated with horses. He created the first horse, introduced riding and chariot racing to mankind, and rides above the waves in a chariot drawn by horses with golden hooves. In addition, some of his many children are horses: the immortal Areion and the winged horse Pegasus, which was the son of Poseidon and the gorgon Medusa. Myths of Poseidon The brother of Zeus and Greek god of the sea figures in many myths. Perhaps the most notable are those related by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey, where Poseidon emerges as a foe of the Trojans, champion of the Greeks and dire enemy of the hero Odysseus. The Greek gods antipathy toward the wily Odysseus stems is kindled by the mortal wound that the hero deals to Polyphemus the Cyclops, a son of Poseidon. Again and again, the sea god conjures winds that keep Odysseus away from his home in Ithaca. A second notable story involves the contest between Athena and Poseidon for the patronage of Athens. The goddess of wisdom made a more compelling case to the Athenians, giving them the gift of the olive tree while Poseidon created the horse. Finally, Poseidon figures prominently in the story of the Minotaur. Poseidon gave to King Minos of Crete a fantastic bull, intended for sacrifice. The king couldnt part with the beast, and in anger, Poseidon caused the princess Pasiphae to fall in love with the bull, and to birth the legendary half-bull, half-man called the Minotaur. Poseidon Fact File Occupation: God of the Sea Attributes of Poseidon: The symbol for which Poseidon is best known is the trident. Poseidon is often shown alongside his wife Amphitrite in a sea chariot drawn by sea creatures. The Inferiority of Poseidon:Poseidon asserts equality with Zeus in the Iliad, but then defers to Zeus as king. By some accounts Poseidon is older than Zeus and the one sibling Zeus didnt have to rescue from his father (the power leverage Zeus usually used with his siblings). Even with Odysseus, who had ruined his son Polyphemus life, Poseidon behaved in a less fearsome manner than might be expected of an enraged Sturm und Drang kind of god. In the challenge for patronage of the polis of Athens, Poseidon lost to his niece Athena, but then worked cooperatively with her as in the Trojan War where they try to thwart Zeus with Heras help. Poseidon and Zeus:Poseidon may have had an equal claim to the title of King of the Gods, but Zeus is the one who took it. When the Titans made the thunderbolt for Zeus, they made the trident for Poseidon.

If youth knew, if age could Essay Example

If youth knew, if age could Essay Example If youth knew, if age could Essay If youth knew, if age could Essay In act, children too seem to be very mature and learn to fend for themselves in pressure driven times. They tend to be more capable of handling different situations, though being underestimated by their parents and teachers. To my way of thinking, wisdom does not necessarily point to a higher capacity to figure out something or Judge acts with prudence it means caring about your life, learning from your mistakes without repeating them from vanity and being smart enough to put in balance all the consequences that a choice might have. Disobedient. Undisciplined. Rebellious. Negligent. Disrespectful. These are few of the words a teenager is called every day. Do they help him Do they try to make any good No, they do nothing but discourage, even weaken the youngster, making him not trust himself Think of a young little boy who has lived all his life on his own, he anymore. Passed through complicated life roads alone, without any support, from anybody, facing many problems sometimes succeeding, sometimes failing, learning from every minute of his life, but still, he managed to overcome every hardship. He has learned owe to shelter when it rains, how to warm up when its cold and what is more, how to take care of himself when his family should have. As far as I believe, every youth may hold all of the knowledge in the world, and may have the answers to all questions, without knowing this. Of course, I am slightly exaggerating but I am sure you understand my point, which is that young people seem to know more than the elderly in different situations, even though they lack experience. They will try to fix your computer and ninety-nine times of one hundred they will certainly succeed. Why is so Firstly because they prove to be more patient than an adult. They have the capacity to remain calm for longer, as a consequence of their tender age. Secondly, they are fast learners, capable of learning new skills in no time, due to their desire and curiosity to understand the unknown. Moreover, the 20th century defined the youth as those that had to educate themselves on emerging streams of knowledge and were exonerated from demanding Jobs and responsibilities. The media forces have also lead the children of today to be more informed, and more ailing to take over what life has to offer to them. Therefore I feel that the road of life does not always take us where we expect. For many of us there is a great desire and longing to do something with our lives. We have our dreams and wishes. We have waited a long time for independence, so it is our turn to make decisions, to call the shots and forge our own way through the world.

Gastornis (Diatryma) - Facts and Figures

Gastornis (Diatryma) - Facts and Figures Name: Gastornis (Greek for Gastons bird); pronounced gas-TORE-niss; also known as Diatryma Habitat: Woodlands of Western Europe, North America, and eastern Asia Historical Epoch: Late Paleocene-Middle Eocene (55-45 million years ago) Size and Weight: About six feet tall and a few hundred pounds Diet: Unknown; probably herbivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Short, powerful legs and beak; squat trunk About Gastornis First things first: the flightless prehistoric bird we now know as Gastornis used to be called Diatryma (Greek for through a hole), the name by which it was recognized by generations of schoolchildren. After examining some fossil specimens unearthed in New Mexico, the famous American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope coined the name Diatryma in 1876, not knowing that a more obscure fossil hunter, Gaston Plante, had bestowed his own name on this genus a couple of decades earlier, in 1855, based on a set of bones discovered near Paris. With true scientific evenhandedness, the name of this bird gradually reverted back to Gastornis in the 1980s, generating almost as much confusion as the roughly contemporary switch from Brontosaurus to Apatosaurus. Naming conventions aside, at six feet tall and a few hundred pounds Gastornis was far from the biggest prehistoric bird that ever livedthat honor belongs to the half-ton Aepyornis, the Elephant Birdbut it may have been one of the most dangerous, with a tyrannosaur-like profile (powerful legs and head, puny arms) that demonstrates how evolution tends to fit the same body shapes into the same ecological niches. (Gastornis first popped up in the northern hemisphere about 10 million years after the dinosaurs went extinct, during the late Paleocene and early Eocene epochs). Even worse, if Gastornis was capable of pack hunting, one imagines that it could depopulate an ecosystem of small animals in no time flat! Theres a major problem with this pack-hunting scenario, however: lately, the weight of the evidence is that Gastornis was a herbivore rather than a carnivore. Whereas early illustrations of this bird depicted it munching on Hyracotherium (the tiny prehistoric horse previously known as Eohippus), a chemical analysis of its bones points to a plant-eating diet, and its massive skull has been reinterpreted as ideal for crunching tough vegetation rather than flesh. Tellingly, Gastornis also lacked the hooked beak characteristic of later meat-eating birds, such as Phorusrhacos, aka the Terror Bird, and its short, stubby legs would have been little use chasing prey through the rough underbrush of its environment. Aside from its numerous fossils, Gastornis is one of the few prehistoric birds to be associated with what appear to be its own eggs: shell fragments recovered from western Europe have been reconstructed as oblong, rather than round or ovoid, eggs measuring nearly 10 inches long and four inches in diameter. The putative footprints of Gastornis have also been discovered in France and in Washington state, and a pair of what are believed to be Gastornis feathers have been recovered from the Green River fossil formation in the western U.S. As prehistoric birds go, Gastornis clearly had an unusually widespread distribution, a clear indication (no matter the details of its diet) that it was well-adapted to its place and time.

The Vice Chancellor Larking University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

The Vice Chancellor Larking University - Essay Example Majority of the PCs in the college use Microsoft Operating System although some of the computers are still running on Office 97. The college has achieved a milestone in networking all the computers although not all PCs have been networked there is increasing trend of networking them. With a population of about 3000 students, the University has been thinking of providing the laptop to the student the expense of which will be reduced from their fees. There has been increased pressure to make sure that the students accept the offer of the laptops because whether they accept them or not, they will still be charged in the school fees. This has been in line with the introduction of my Course system on the university website which is used by lecturers to post notes and exercises. There has also been declining number of student who is attending lecturer since they can download everything from the internet. How can the college achieve a competitive edge through the harmonization of the usage of the internet? The aim of the university in introducing the use of computers has been to ensure that there is an efficient delivery of services. Therefore it has come upon with a strategy of ensuring the all the administrative staff and the lectures use the same minimum IT/IS platform which is Intel PCs with 1GB memory and running XP and Office 2003. The University also aims at connecting all of them to the internet and Outlook email service. In the evaluation, this is one of the most important strategies that the university can use in order to achieve maximum use of computer technology in the university. If the university chose to sell the existing PCs and buying new ones, then the first step would be to find a way of storing the data based on the computers and then selling all of them. Then they would come up with a procurement procedure.

Strategic Leadership in a Changing World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Strategic Leadership in a Changing World - Essay Example As the research stresses internal factors refer to the internally based resources the organization own for instance assets, skilled labor personnel and financial outlay that give it the organization efficiency in operation. Strategic position enables the management to implement appropriate strategy that guides the credibility of decisions made to steer the company or organization maximum business output. According to the report findings strategic position analysis should be the relationship between three crucial factors that the management considers in making strategic decisions for an organization. These are the external environment, resource base and competences and stakeholders influence and ethical and cultural values of the organization, however arguments have been put forward to link effective strategic position analysis to incline more to external environment factors more than the organization’s internal resources. External environment has been emphasized because it evaluates macro market influence and micro market influence; macro market influence factors are such as technological factors, economic, political and social factors and micro market influences are industry related factors for instance customers satisfaction, suppliers, barriers to entry and competition. To understand the importance of strategic positioning analysis to an organization, the several three key factors are important; external environment, internally based resources and competencies and stakeholders influence and ethical cultural values of the organization.

Ancient Greek Theater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ancient Greek Theater - Essay Example While ancient Greek theatre went through a number of incarnations there are a number of factors that remained consistent or thematic throughout its reign. In terms of staging, generally large theatrical spaces were constructed as the audience numbered as much as fourteen thousand individuals (Freund 2000). Quite notably the acoustical dimensions of these ancient Greek stages had to be constructed in a way that carried sound extremely favorably, as this was a pivotal aspect of catering to the sizeable crowds. Indeed, it has been noted that the Greek acoustic systems in these stages is in line with state of the art acoustic systems in the contemporary environment. In terms of seating the first opening seats were wooden, and this was followed by stone seating for the majority of the theatre audience. Later in the development of the theatre a back wall was placed onto the stage to add dimension and various theatrical elements to the productions. This wall also allowed for costume changes behind the scenes. In terms of content, Greek theatre spanned a wide range of theatrical concepts. Aristotle famously outlined a number of these genres, detailing what constituted comedy from tragedy (Lesky 1965). Still, Ancient Greek theatre is perhaps most remembered for it seminal tragedies. Among the most notable, Sophocles and Aeschylus constructed tragic dramas that explored elements of the human condition in great depth and consideration. Today these theatrical productions continued to be studied and remembered for the continued insight they provide into life, as well their dramatic form of artistry. Considering the actors in the plays, it was a custom that only men in masks be admitted into the productions. It follows that there was not a star-system as one finds in the contemporary Hollywood or Broadway climate, but rather a string of actors that were at best remotely popular for their skill and dexterity. Still, all audiences watched the plays. While the nobility generall y received privileged seating arrangements there was not a division between high and low culture or class in terms of who viewed the plays. One of the central aspects of these productions was the use of masks. The use of masks in these Greek productions was most likely a holdover from an earlier theatrical era. The tradition came such that all actors were adorned in masks throughout the production. The mask was so all-encompassing that there only existed holes for the face and head, in-effect covering the entire face of the actor as a means of obscuring their identity. This allowed for the greater emergence of the character the actor was playing to be seen. The lack of emotion in the masks and the obscuring of identity also functioned as means of allowing the audience to project onto the characters their own unconscious emotions and identity, in-effect making the theatrical productions that much more engrossing and interactive (Harsh 1944). There were unique masks created for partic ular characters and emotions which also contributed to the play through the multi-varied nature of the production. In terms of costumes there were a number of unique elements that are worth considering. The actors in tragic character positions were adorned with boots referred to as cothumuses. These elements give the actors extra height and elevation in comparison to the other players. The actors who played comedic

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Final paper - Essay Example The people of Golconda at the 2010 census were 726 in number. Among these people, 95% of them are whites, 2% Africans, 2% of Asian descent and the remaining 1% belongs to other races. This differential strategy of races contributes to the cultural diversity of the place. Golconda is known to have several cultural activities like the Shrimp falls. Being found along River Ohio, the soil of Golconda is mainly having high water content and has high humus too. It is of black soil and some part of it swampy. The topography of the of the place entails presence of hills behind the river and some sloppy landform characterize the place. In terms of space, Golconda has several buildings. Some years back, the Engineers of Corpse were in a mission of building houses and shops but later abandoned it. The city adopted the plan and rehabilitated such buildings into lodgings and also made churches. It has historical sites like the Masonic hall, Orr Herl Mound, Illinois Iron Furnace and Village site. The town is characterized by parks, which include the State Park and also the Dixon Springs. Another remarkable building Golconda is The Mussel horn Art Museumand Carl L Schweinfurt Museum. The town has a population density of approximately 1,287 people per square mile (Cindy List of Geneology) and harbors 418 households. Demographic Settlement characteristic is along the major buildings like the churches, and shops. The rainforest in the town also has a say on its settlement distribution. Some people inhabit the Golconda Marina at the Rainforest. Environmentally, the town has both biotic and abiotic factors that are amazing. The climate of Golconda is a tropical wet climate contributed by the rain forest acting as a water catchment area. The atmosphere is of high humidity due to evaporation and evapotranspiration at high levels. River Ohio provides a habitat for many geological birds and monkeys as well as some wild animals. The town also has a

Jefferson State Community College Birmingham, AL Campus Police Research Paper

Jefferson State Community College Birmingham, AL Campus Police - Research Paper Example This essay will review the campus police department at the Jefferson State Community College Birmingham, addressing several factors about the police department. These factors include issues such as the jurisdiction that the department covers, the primary crime problems and measures taken to prevent them, the campus crime trends over the past five years, how the department interacts with other law enforcement agencies, qualifications of officers in the department, training and certification of the officers and campus statistics among other issues. Introduction Campus or university police in the US and other countries are sworn law enforcement agents deployed to colleges and universities with a view to provide protection in the campus and its environs, and persons who visit, work or live in it. In Jefferson State Community College, the Jefferson State Police Department is tasked with upholding law and order in the community. These officers are sworn personnel who work in collaboration with campus security officers to contain and prevent crimes and civil unrest problems such as riots and other unruly behavior by students in and around the campus premises. While campus police sometimes employ and train students to serve as escorts to other students, campus police in Jefferson State Community College have the ultimate task of ensuring overall security throughout the entire campus. Jefferson State Community College campus police have immeasurable merit in the performance of their duties within the diverse college community. Discussion Jurisdiction Covered by the Campus Police Department The Jefferson State Community College campus police has jurisdiction over all accidents that take place on campus grounds. The campus police are tasked with completing all the necessary accident reports necessitated by state and federal law. In addition, the campus police assist students who encounter vehicular problems while on campus grounds. In addition, the campus police departmen t entails the protection of life and property within the campus. This encompasses students and college faculty and the college’s property, as well as individuals’ property (JSCC, 2011). It is also within the campus police jurisdiction to keep up a successful and efficient parking system within the campus and maintain a viable traffic system that allows for easy movement in and around the college premises. The police also provide driving directions for those who work, visit, or live on the college premises. It is also the campus police department’s work to report serious crimes to law enforcement agencies and assist the latter in conducting investigations. Moreover, the campus police officers, who have fully-fledged arresting powers, ensure law and order by arresting disorderly and unruly members of the college community and presenting them to the school’s disciplinary committee. The Jefferson State Community College campus police are also mandated with th e response, investigation, as well as prosecution of criminal indignations that take place on campus grounds. Crime Problems and Preventative Measures The predominant crime problems within the campus are burglary, road accidents, possession and distribution of drugs, disorderly conduct and possession of firearms. In order to prevent the incident of in-campus road accidents, the campus requires that all students

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Final paper - Essay Example The people of Golconda at the 2010 census were 726 in number. Among these people, 95% of them are whites, 2% Africans, 2% of Asian descent and the remaining 1% belongs to other races. This differential strategy of races contributes to the cultural diversity of the place. Golconda is known to have several cultural activities like the Shrimp falls. Being found along River Ohio, the soil of Golconda is mainly having high water content and has high humus too. It is of black soil and some part of it swampy. The topography of the of the place entails presence of hills behind the river and some sloppy landform characterize the place. In terms of space, Golconda has several buildings. Some years back, the Engineers of Corpse were in a mission of building houses and shops but later abandoned it. The city adopted the plan and rehabilitated such buildings into lodgings and also made churches. It has historical sites like the Masonic hall, Orr Herl Mound, Illinois Iron Furnace and Village site. The town is characterized by parks, which include the State Park and also the Dixon Springs. Another remarkable building Golconda is The Mussel horn Art Museumand Carl L Schweinfurt Museum. The town has a population density of approximately 1,287 people per square mile (Cindy List of Geneology) and harbors 418 households. Demographic Settlement characteristic is along the major buildings like the churches, and shops. The rainforest in the town also has a say on its settlement distribution. Some people inhabit the Golconda Marina at the Rainforest. Environmentally, the town has both biotic and abiotic factors that are amazing. The climate of Golconda is a tropical wet climate contributed by the rain forest acting as a water catchment area. The atmosphere is of high humidity due to evaporation and evapotranspiration at high levels. River Ohio provides a habitat for many geological birds and monkeys as well as some wild animals. The town also has a

Seven Ways To Socialize With Your Employees (And Not Get In Trouble) Research Paper

Seven Ways To Socialize With Your Employees (And Not Get In Trouble) - Research Paper Example In an administrative setting, socialization is a method and a new employee understands how to pull the strings, by flattering responsive attitude towards the prescribed and casual arrangement and the explicit manner to understand the regulations of deeds (Socialization). Different organizational settings require different setups and behavior and the employees have to abide by the set regulations. Employees have to meet each other to share their views and thoughts and to formulate a strategy to march ahead. These socialization process are imperative in developing an understanding towards each other and also to build a repo and social circle as it aids in better working atmosphere. Mingling with people, sharing ideas and thoughts are the essential components of a developing personality. In certain organizations the employer does not seem to socialize with the employees, rather the employer finds it degrading to mingle with the employees. On the contrary, it is essential to socialize with the employees and to motivate them to work with more co-ordination. In order to get more from your employees it is essential to socialize with them for varied reasons ... It is essential that the employer make the team members or the employees special about themselves. It is essential to motivate the team as salary and wages only could not do wonders but giving something in terms of motivation will add a fire to the sense of loyalty and also the feeling of belongingness (Six Keys to Motivating Your Team). 3. A few gestures and words of appreciation work better for the efficient and close-knit team- Saying "Thank you" and also acknowledging their efforts brings a remarkable difference. It works well under the conditions of economic constraints and when the market is not making much rise. It is essential to understand the psychology behind the motivation of the employees as different employees need different factors for motivation. For the employer it is essential to socialize with the employees in order to know the team and thereby to create an environment where the employees can remain positive and happy and try their best to harness the results the e mployer is searching for (Six Keys to Motivating Your Team). 4. Understanding the employees sooner the better- If the employees are devoting extra time, without much benefit and monetary gains, hardworking employees become discouraged and they tend to remain unmotivated to fulfill the task in the desired manner therefore it is essential to keep appreciating the staff from time to time. It is essential that appreciation should be done in the time frame as after a long interval if the employer appreciates the charm of getting appreciation is lost and the entire duration goes in waiting to listen to the words of admiration from the employers. It is therefore desired that the employers must socialize well with the employees and in admire them for all their efforts in a

Sprinting speed Essay Example for Free

Sprinting speed Essay My aim is to undertake a 6 week exercise programme to improve my sprinting speed I will do this by doing a 6 week circuit training programme with activities specifically important to improve my arm strength as I need stronger arms to pump faster and for more power. My deltoids and Trapezius possibly my Latisimuss Dorsi for the same reason. My overall torso muscles as you need strong pectoral and abdominal muscles for sprinting. My legs so my hamstring and quadriceps obviously needed for sprinting I will build these muscles to get the maximum power that can be achieved also I will need my gastro neumus for the same reason. All these activities that I undertake will be directly needed for my chosen sport sprinting. Flexibility and muscle endurance will also be built up over this period of time. Aspects of fitness that I will need in sprinting  Muscular endurance: my muscular endurance is quite good as you will see from my first table of results so I will not focus too much on improving this although getting it up will help my overall speed and it will go up with time as I complete the circuits.  Flexibility: my flexibility is quite poor so I will need to get this up mainly just by simple and more complex stretches at the start and end of my circuits. As better flexibility helps for longer strides and therefore longer strides mean a faster pace. I do not expect my flexibility to go up dramatically as my exercises arent focused on this aspect of fitness. Strength and power: are the main aspects I will need to improve. Both of these are quite strong for me but to get a faster sprinting speed I will need to improve them further and I expect a positive increase by the end of my 6 weeks which is why most of my exercises will be focused upon this aspect of fitness.  Why I am doing this 6 week programme. I am doing this programme to improve my overall sprinting speed and my power.  Who decides? I decide all the activities I do and the results are just for me there is no limit or expectation this is purely about my results nobody elses. Im the one deciding everything as Im the one who is going to be doing all the exercises and who knows my capabilities better than me. (Rhetorical question.) My personal profile My name is Bob Rose born 29/11/1991 I am 15 years of age. My Somatype is mesomorph. I am 60kg, 173cm. My sprinting speed for the 100ms last measured as 12.13 seconds.These are what exercises I shall be doing and how many each two weeks in my circuits each set will be repeated 3 times a day so weeks 1/2 I shall do that amount 3 times for a days circuit but its broken up like that to makes things easier and not so boring. Then weeks 3/4 I do the same thing etc same with weeks 5/6. The exercises I am doing and what part of the body they will be exercising  Exercise 1. Dips these are a fairly easy exercise to do but after a lot of them you get cramps in your triceps which is the area you are working on in this exercise. A very good exercise for arm strength. Area G on the labeled picture above.  Exercise 2. Shuttle sprints are quite a difficult exercise as they demand using the whole body just about a tiring exercise but very good for building muscular endurance. This is the perfect exercise for me to improve my sprinting speed as this is sprinting just over shorter distances for longer. This exercise improves cardiovascular fitness. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups all. Exercise 3. Burpees are a very difficult exercise that requires nearly full body like shuttle sprints but this needs more power and effort to complete successfully. Burpees are very tiring but they are one of the best methods of training overall muscular strength and endurance for the fact that they use the whole body in a straining exercise that can be done at a quick enough pace to hurt a lot. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups all. Exercise 4: Toe skipping is simply just skipping on your toes the idea that this keeps the gastro neumus fully tensed for the duration that you do the exercise so therefore it doesnt get the chance to relax. So this exercise builds your gastro neumus, quadriceps and hamstrings but mainly the gastro neumus. This improves the stamina and power from the legs so the capability to run further, faster and longer. No picture needed as we all know what skipping looks like. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups D and J.  Exercise 5: Wall squats are a painful and fairly difficult exercise over a period of 1-5mins the exercise builds the quadriceps and hamstrings as the main part of development therefore useful for building power and endurance as this is a long timed exercise in most cases. A ball can be used to increase the strain on the legs. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups D and J. Exercise 6: Squat thrust are exactly like a burpee without the jump at the end a lot less tiring but still a moderately difficult exercise. Builds the same area as the burpee but puts more strain on the pectorals, abdominals and Latisimuss Dorsi as there is no jump to relieve pressure. No picture needed. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups D A and H.  Exercise 7: Bench jumps are quite self explanatory as you just jump over benches either with just one leg so more like running over but not touching them jumping with one leg then switching the leg you are jumping on or the hardest way is to jump with both legs in the air and raising the knees pretty much as high as possible for every jump. This exercise builds quadriceps, hamstrings and gastro neumus as the main areas used are your legs it is a fairly easy exercise but when done in a circuit with other leg exercises like the one I did it can be found very difficult as the repetition of lifting your legs puts a lot of effort. It also builds muscular endurance as it is you normally bench jump 50+ times so it helps improve endurance in the legs which is very important for my main aim to improve my sprinting speed. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is group E and J the gastro neumus is not labeled. Exercise 8: Sit ups are when you go from lying down with your legs at an angle and feet flat on the floor then from this position you put your hands by the side of your head and raise your torso until your elbows touch your knees. This exercise improves abdominal muscle significantly which therefore helps tone the abs and lose any fat helping me to sprint faster also more power can be exerted with stronger abdominals. To improve the degree of difficulty you can add a twist so one elbow touches the opposite knee and keep repeating this also twists the abs therefore making the exercise harder. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is group D. Exercise 9: Press ups the press up is were you go from a face down position with your toes on the floor and hands only and then raise and lower yourself repetitively. This exercise builds the biceps, triceps, pectorals, latisimuss dorsi, trapezius and deltoids. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups A, B, C, G, H and F. This is important as it will improve my arm and shoulder muscle therefore resulting in me being able to produce more power through my shoulders and arms. Exercise 10: The dreaded chin up I myself found this exercise not too bad as I have a bar at home but do not be fooled this is along with the burpee the hardest exercise in the book as you are hanging from a bar with your palms facing you and a wide arm posture you then bring yourself up to the bar so that your chin is level or slightly above the bar. Then you lower yourself slowly and repeat the exercise. This exercise puts a lot of strain on the arms and shoulders and that is what is holding your whole body weight. The muscles improved are the deltoids, trapezius, biceps, triceps, latisimuss dorsi, and to some extent the pectorals and abdominals as they tend to be quite tensed during the exercise. On the muscular skeletal diagram at the top it is groups A, B, C, G, H, F and D.

Computer Ethics: Different Types Of Censorship

Computer Ethics: Different Types Of Censorship A Censor is A person authorized to examine books, films, or other material and to remove or suppress what is considered morally, politically, or otherwise objectionable. There are three different types of censorship; 1. Moral Censorship 2.Military Censorship or Political Censorship 3.Corporate Censorship Moral Censorship The most commonly known type of Censorship, is Moral Censorship. Moral Censorship is used in Four different ways; to omit Sexual explicitly, Violence, Racial Comments, and Curse Words. It is mainly used in Music, Movies, Books, at School, and on TV. Ratings are used to determine what is appropriate for their audience. For example, Movies can be rated G, PG, PG-13, R, or X-17. They are used to deem who would be interested in watching the film, or who shouldnt be watching it. In a G rated movie you can trust that there will not be any nudity, curse words or extreme violence. In Music cuss words are bleeped out or removed all together on kid CDs or on some radio stations. Certain things are censored so the public can enjoy them. In School books some things are politely evaded or vague, such as the topic of sex. Though in biology they leave nothing for the imagination. It just goes to show that how much censorship is used, depends on the audience. Military Censorship and Political Censorship Military and Political censorship both deal with deleting information, trying to control large groups of people, and uses of propaganda. In countries where censorship were used, deleting and changing information was their bread and butter. Such as in the Soviet Union, under Stalins rule when photos, history, and even the weather was changed in a way to control the people. The Internet Police in China totalling more than 30,000 members, are constantly changing search engines such as Yahoo, and Google. In Cuba the internet is even illegal! In wartimes censorship is taken to the extreme and propaganda can be seen everywhere. Emails from the war home, online diaries, or blogs have to be searched and things erased from their writings. Sometimes only a few words can be read, usually just an I Love You, is all that will get by these vast searches. In the U.S. they scan the emails of suspected terrorists for information leading towards an attack. In a way these types of censorship can be both good and bad for people. You can relax that you are behind walls, but are you safe from those within? Corporate Censorship The business today of hiding stars, incorrect commercials, and deciding just what is acceptable on the internet is still a big topic today. Such as the T.V. debate between Johnson and Salant. Though you may not think it deals with Censorship on the internet, in a way it does. Johnsons side was this Many broadcasters are fighting, not for free speech, but for profitable speech. Salant on the other hand said the commercials were not wrong and Johnson was 100% wrong instead. Since many commercials and advertisements are seen on the internet Johnsons and Salants debate comes up often. Sometimes thought, people just cant censor what happens on live broadcasts, but punish them instead. Like at Sports games where the fans, players, and coaches might start a fight and they have to call security or pull out a yellow or red flag. In the arts suggestive elements are removed or condemned from being seen on some Websites. Images blocked with black strips or pixilated views help keep identity and images unseen from public view. Corporate Censorship is a way to show things to the public, but also keep things away at the same time. Public Filtering In Religion, it is common knowledge that the Bible was changed through out bidding at the of Nobles, and Kings. It was a way for them to control the people through a different route than just laws and punishments. Today, public filtering can be seen in libraries, schools, some work offices, and internet cafes. 21 states have laws to filter the web in public places. The Federal Childrenà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) provides for three different types of funding: 1) aid to elementary and secondary schools; 2) Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) grants to states for support of public libraries; 3) the E-rate program that provides technology discounts to schools and public libraries. The libraries and public places that are a part of the E-rate, and LSTA must filter out obscenity and things which are harmful to minors. Usually in order to view things that are not permitted to minors you have to put in a password in order to view the internet. Admins and ModeratorsIn the world of fast communication and millions online, it is hard to keep it in check on the internet. Because people can copy paste, post derogatory images, curse on child protected sites, trolls etc. Admins and Moderators are put to use. There have been many complaints about the copy paste issue. So sites have installed systems that make it impossible to copy paste from their site or print. But there are still loop holes in the system, you can take pictures of the screen, do it at certain time, or even hack in to the network to steal images. But most people see it as harmless so not too many laws are against it. Admins are always careful to list where the images come from and site who spoke what, on a different page, or at the bottom of the page it is cited on. People who post nudity or provocative pictures are usually unallowed to come back on the site and their images are deleted as well as their Username and Passcode. Swearing is the same way, you receive a warning, or if there are enough offenses you are removed from commenting ever again. Trolls and Spammers are different, they are usually anonymous and repeat the same thing over and over again or try to sell something or say really mean things about a user or sometimes a person people dont even know. Flame Wars are on the otherhand, between two or more people in a heated argument and when hurtful things are said to one another. The Moderater usually comes in at this point gives a warning to the two for all to see and then deletes the whole war, they can also do it in private and just delete them if they are unwilling to discontinue the war. Admins and Moderators are also in charge of the safety and privacy of the users on their site. At Home Filtering at home is usually done by parental controls on the computer, and does not allow people to visit certain sites or do certain things. It also puts a time limit for individuals on the web. There is also something like a Modem Officer. If it sees that you are accessing sites that are illegal or you are a sex offender and talking to others with not so innocent conversations, they alert the authorities about your actions. Privacy In Computer Ethics, Privacy plays a big part in keeping the peace between people. In todays world people share many of their thoughts, but they also like to keep some things a secret. And it is the duty of those on the internet to respect that choice. People worry about; *Internet Anonymity *Hackers *Ways to keep their privacy *Websites that may jeopardize their privacy *And what the Government does to keep their privacy Either way, people care about what others see. So they build ways to keep themselves safe by building walls on the internet and on their computers. Internet Anonymity To go by a false name or simply leave the name blank or Anonymous is one of the easiest ways for people to not find out who you are. If a website asks for a picture when you leave a comment, you can leave it blank and go by a name known to be used by anonymous users like Jane Smith. By keeping your identity a secret people can not know who you are. Though sometimes the IP address can be seen, which is basically a computer number that you are using, most people will have not clue who you are. Thats why most scammers try to be anonymous. But it also risks that people will not be able to trust you. Like on Ebay, if you have too much anonymity on yourself or products people may not buy your wares because they fear you are fake. Either way Internet Anonymity if meant for peoples identity to be a secret. Hackers People who try to find out your name, phone number, address, IP address, and other information that you have not given out with your permission, and then use it for their own, or their companys gain. These people usually break through your security codes by their mean of software, and learn about you to blackmail, harm you physically, steal your money, or stalk. People who are hackers generally keep to themselves, unless they are trying to get information from someone. The underground market of hacking to businesses so people can learn about their customers or victims is a dangerous tool worldwide. Hackers are paid to either be a part of the law or against it. Those with the law, hack someone system, usually a criminals, to find out what they have done in the past or what they are planning to do in the future to protect people. Those who hack for wrong, are hacking for their own benefit or their companies and seek victims rather than criminals. Hackers can be just about anyone, without you knowing, and fool you into thinking they are somone else. People who try to message you on the internet using your friends name so they can steal all your money from the bank, is just an example of what they can do. Hackers are dangerous and helpful, depending on what side of the law they are on. Websites that Post Personal Data Sometimes the information we give to others that should remain private, we give out ourselves. Most of the time without us even knowing it. Twitter, Facebook, Myspace, and the new scare Spokeo.com are just a few of the places people can find information about you. The new british Web Wise is also a new thing developed by their government to track your interests for companies. It can be scary how much information about you alone is out there. Thats why, you should rely on Computer Ethics to post what should be given, and what should not. Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, and many more are examples of todays social Websites on the internet today. They do not have too many rules of who joins and they reveal a lot about your personal identity. On Facebook, they ask for your real name and information about you. They are updating their privacy system so that not as many people will be able to find things about you which are private. On Twitter your every thought or action is posted on the internet for all to see. Its a big step from the Pony Express over a hundred years ago. A big concern today is about a Website called Spokeo.com and others like it. They find out all the information they can about you on the internet and then post it all on one site for the World to see. Your Name, Phone Number, Address, Interests, Hobbies, School, Work and much much more. Many people have eliminated their profiles on these websites. But many do not even know they exist. People can find out whatever they want about you from these Websites, and you would not even know they knew. To some its the sheer lack of security that scares them. Others just dont care. Either way the people have a choice if they want their information on there or not, or if they want the Website to be discontinued permanently. Ways to Keep your Privacy In order to keep yourself safe on the internet, there are some things you need to do. *Keep your Internet Viewing safe *Keep your Computer safe *Keep your Personal Information safe When people go on the internet, they are shot into a pool of millions of people of all walks of life. In order to keep the sharks from attacking you, there are some things you should do to keep your Web time safe. The first thing you might want to do is type your name into a search engine, you might be surprised what pops up! Another thing you should consider is surfing with a Proxy. It keeps your identity a secret and its hard for people to find anything out about you. Also, avoid registrations that ask you for your Social Security Number, your Credit Card Number, your Phone Number, Address, or any information you wouldnt give to a stranger. Dont let strangers use your network, put your router in the middle of your house and away from windows so they wont be able to connect. Avoid Flame wars some people hold grudges. Even if your joking, remember they cant see your face or hear your voice so they wont be able to tell. Keep in mind when you are surfing the web if you wouldnt want your family to see what you are looking at. That is a good sign of bad Websites. If children want to search the internet first put on a trusted parental controls device. To keep your computer safe remember these things. Be careful of what you download, Some programs include adware that will report your surfing habits back to a third-party company that will then use that information to send you ads (spam). Downloads can also be a way for people to hack into your system. Keep all software current (including your Web browser) with automatic updates. Use firewall, antivirus, antispam, and antispyware software from a source that you trust and watch out for fake alerts for security software. When you have friends or family over, make sure folders and things that have personal information are hidden from view. Especially if there are people you dont know, at your house. Be aware of Phising Scams, these are criminals who ask for sensitive information like your password, bank account number, or anything that you wouldnt tell a stranger. These people will sound friendly and usually ask through email or instant messaging. Also make sure children know what not to tell someone they dont know. Never let children talk to strangers online, and if you feel someone is asking you too many personal questions report them to the admin of the site, or if someone tells you they are coming to visit you and you dont know them, call the police. To keep yourself safe, you must always be aware that people on the internet are not always kind and may have secret motives. It is the same as telling a child Dont talk to strangers, even if they say they know me. With your bank account or other information. Copyright When a person has done something that requires a fee or special permission, they usually issue a copy right. Intellectual Property, Copyright Laws, and Plagarism will be discussed in this section. Intellectual Property The people responsible for Intellectual Property is WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) the Convention Establishing the WIPO relates that rights belong to; 1. literary, artistic, and scientific works 2. performances of performing artists, phonograms, and broadcasts 3. inventions in all fields of human endeavor 4. scientific discoveries. Intellectual Property are the creations of human thought, and intellect. They are usually protected by a Copyright, in which WIPO is internationally responsible for. Copyright Laws The laws of Copyright state that only the owner of Intellectual Property may do the following with the work: 1. reproduce it 2. prepare derivative works based upon it 3. distribute copies of it to the public 4. perform the work publicly (if applicable) 5. display the work publicly. The WIPO Copyright Treaty states that these rights belong exclusively to the owners of the Intellectual Property. The ideas for things are not protected by copyrights, but only the completed product. As such people who Beat Others to the Punch will mor likely succeed than those whos idea it was in the first place. The Copyright Law, does not protect ideas, procedures, systems, or methods of operation. For information over a Communication Network (like the Internet), Copyrights protect all the dealings. But only to those who want a Copyright. Some instances with Copyright are hard to know which is right and wrong. With Caching and Audio Players that can download songs from the Internet, the laws have to be changed periodically. Caching is Copying and Storing of Webpages. It can be done on your browser, with frequently visited websites, or on google. It becomes a problem when it stops others from reading new and improved parts of the website. The major problem though with copyright lately is the MP3 player, and Ipod battle. Where people can download music online for free, which is not legal. WIPO states that home use of copying the music is legal but selling pirated copies is a crime. It also says this about Copyright Ownership which oftens comes up in these debates. 1. Who is the natural author? Who produced the work? 2. Is the creation a work for his/her employee? 3. Is the creation a work for him/her as a specially commissioned work? 4. Is the person a joint author of the work? 5. Has the person obtained a valid license to use the copyrighted work? 6. Are the rights that the person has obtained recognizable and enforceable under the current law? PlagarismAnother Copyright issue that keeps coming up is the Crime of Plagarism. Plagarism is when someone steals another persons intellectual property and claims it as their own. Plagarism is a major offense in school, as well as the Work Force. Thats why bibliographys and quoting where you got the information from is so important. It can stop you from getting a bad grade or even worse, getting sued and losing all of your money. Plagarism is a very serious crime in the entertainment industry. In the movie Singing in the Rain a woman Lipsynchs to another woman singing behind the curtain. After it is found out, the woman lipsynching loses all of her credibility and fame. As such Plagarism plays a vital role in todays Entertainment Industry for the fans to know that whoever is singing, acting, playing, dancing, etc. is who they think it is, and its something that they did not steal from someone else. Though in some instances Plagarism takes on the form of Fandom. Such as a band called the Roaches copying the world wide phenomenom the Beatles. It is not considered Plagarism if someone gives their permission, and they remember to tell where their Intellectual Property came from. Copyright plays a vital role in Computer Ethics today, and makes it a priority for everyone to know where their Intellectual Property is coming from. With the world being connected by computers it is obvious that we need rules to live by. By having laws about Censorship, Privacy, and Copyright, we can assure our lives our safer by our nation following these laws.

5 Paragragh Essay: The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

From the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, the youthful protagonist Holden Caufield, employs the word â€Å"phony† to describe the behavior of a number of characters including Mr. Spencer and Ossenburger, however it is not them who areâ€Å"phony†, it is the young main character. First, Mr. Spencer, Holden’s ex- history teacher, is not described as phony, but according to the adolescent, his choice of words are. Secondly, according to our main character, Ossenburger is not the generous philanthropist he portrays himself to be, but rather a greedy undertaker. Lastly, the protagonist could quite possibly be the authentic phony. All in all, the main character’s use to describe many other characters in the book is with the single word phony, when in fact the word phony would be the most probable word to describe the lead character. Illustrating Mr. Spencer as phony because of his vocabulary, is when Holden leaves Pencey Prep permanently, and goes to say good-bye to the ex-history teacher. The depicted fake tells the ex-Pencey student â€Å"I had the privilege of meeting your mother and dad when they had their little chat with Dr. Thurmer some weeks ago. They’re grand people†. The ex-Pencey student immediately impugns Mr. Spencer’s use of the word â€Å"grand†, and tells the reader: â€Å"Grand. There’s a word I hate. It’s a phony. I could puke every time I heard it.† To sum up, Holden disgusts Mr. Spencer’s utilization of the word â€Å"grand† and thinks it is fraudulent. Also, Caufield, describes Ossenbuger as phony because of what Holden perceived he did for a living. The wing where the central character lived at Pencey was called the â€Å"Ossenbuger Memorial Wing† named after a men who went to Pencey and later donated a substantial amount of money to the school. Ossenburger makes this income by the â€Å"business of undertaking†. Next, according to our youthful character, Ossenburger is phony because â€Å"he probably just shoves the dead bodies in a bag and throws them in the river†. As a result, Caufield feels that Ossenburger is phony because of his profession in undertaking. While observing the discription of many other characters in the novel as phony, it is safe to say that the phony character is indeed the protagonist. For example, the false character when lying to Mr. Spencer about going to the gym to clear everything out before leaving, is Holden. Once again we see this falsehood, when he tries to hit on some women in a bar, despite thinking the girls are not particularly extraordinary women.

Carter cleaning

Honesting testing at carter cleaning company. Questions and Answers. 1 -What would be the advantages and disadvantages to Jennifer's company of routinely administering honest tests to all its employees? Polygraph testing raises a large number of legal and moral issues; issues Carter Cleaning must avoid. using some of the available â€Å"paper and pencil† honesty tests may be a possibility. In general, these have been shown to be reasonably reliable and valid.They are still controversial. The costs associated with these tests may also make them prohibitive to a small operation like Jennifers carter cleaning. 2. SpecifIcally, what other screening techniques could the company use to screen out theft-prone employees? How exactly could these techniques be used? More thorough background checks are a recommend technique to eliminate thieves. Some firms chose to contract this out to a private security agency (Costmay be an Issue to Jennifer.However, the company can quickly check to se e If savlngsfrom educed theft would offset the cost of an outside agency. As part of the job preview,Carter must communicate that jobs in her company are worth keeping; dishonesty and theft will not be tolerated. Further company policies regarding theft should be clearly communicated to new and existing employees. 3. How should her company terminate employees caught stealing and what kind of procedure should be set up for handling reference calls about these employees when they go to other companies looking for Jobs?Terminating employees for theft should include the involvement of proper authorities and should only be done when there is absolute proof of the theft and who committed it. Such an action will also send a message to the other employees that you will not tolerate theft of company resources . While many employers are reluctant to prosecute employees for theft , developing evidence with police and through the courts can be beneficial in providing future employers of the ind ividual with truthful and factual Information.

Compare and Contrast: Muslim Empires

Between 1450 and 1750, three great Muslim empires arose—the Ottomans, the Safavids, and the Mughals. The Ottomans arose after the Seljuk Turkic kingdom of Rum in Eastern Anatolia collapsed, which occurred because of a Mongol invasion in 1243. The area fell into a chaotic period after that because the Mongols did not directly rule it. In search of riches, Turkic peoples, including the Ottomans who dominated the rest, flooded into the area. By the 1350s, the Ottomans were advancing from their Asia Minor strongholds.Under Mehmed I, they conquered a large part of the Balkans, and, in 1453, they captured Constantinople of the Byzantine Empire under Mehmed II, â€Å"The Conqueror,† thus establishing an empire from the Balkans that included most of the Arab world. Like the Ottomans, the Safavids arose from struggles of rival Turkish tribes. In the fourteenth century, there were decades of fierce struggles, until, finally, after three successive Safavid leaders died, a Sufi com mander named Isma’il survived. He and his followers conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501, as well as most of Persia in the next decade.They then drove the Ozbegs, neighboring nomadic Turks, back to Central Asia and advanced to Iraq. Lastly, the Mughal Dynasty was founded by Babur, who descended from Turkic warriors. He first led an invasion of India in 1526 and conquered the Indus and Ganges plains. After Babur died of an illness, his son, Humayan, succeeded him and was attacked from enemies of all sides because of Babur’s death. He was expelled from India in 1540, but eventually restored Mughal rule by 1556. Humayan’s son, Akbar, would later succeed him and become the greatest ruler in Mughal history.The Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals constructed significant empires, but each adopted different ways of treating their conquered people and developed diverse methods for managing social, political, and economic systems. In order to promote the expansion of their emp ire, the Ottomans adopted many practices to include non-Muslims in the military. At first, the Ottomans’ first concern was to collect tribute from their conquered people. This first happened in 1243 when the kingdom of Rum was conquered.However, in the fifteenth century, the Ottoman Empire’s imperial armies became increasingly dominated by infantry divisions made up of troops called Janissaries. Most of these Janissaries had been forcibly recruited as adolescent boys in conquered areas, such as the Balkans, where most of the population was made up of Christians. Sometimes the boys’ parents willingly turned their sons over to the Ottoman recruiters because of the opportunities for advancement that came with service to the Ottoman sultans. And although they were legally slaves, they were well-educated and converted to Islam.Some of them even went on to serve in the palace or bureaucracy, but most became Janissaries. These Janissaries, however, later gained politic al influence. Commerce within the empire was in the hands of Christian and Jewish merchants, who as dhimmis, or â€Å"people of the book,† were under the protection of the Ottoman rulers. The Safavids espoused the Shi’a variant of Islam unlike the Ottomans, who espoused the Sunni variant of Islam. These two variants despised each other, and their hatred showed during the battle of Chaldiran on August 1514 in northwest Persia.However, the Safavids were easily killed because of the Ottomans’ advanced warfare technology. Under Abbas the Great, the Safavid Empire thrived with toleration for captured and conquered people. For example, captured Russian youths were educated and converted, and they formed the backbone of the Safavid’s military forces. They monopolized firearms that had become increasingly prominent in Safavid armies. Also, some Russians were granted provincial governorships and high offices at court. Although the Safavids tolerated the Russians, they were not as kind to the other inhabitants of present-day Iran.For example, Sunni Muslims, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and followers of Sufi preachers, were all pressured into converting to Shi’ism. One of the greatest rulers in all of history was the son and successor of Humayan, Akbar the Great. The Mughals, under Akbar, developed the most enlightened social, political, and economic methods for treating their conquered people. He not only extended the Mughal Empire with conquests throughout north and central India, but also made the Mughal Dynasty sustainable because of his social and administrative policies.He pursued a policy of reconciliation and cooperation with the Hindu princes and overall population of his realm. For example, he encouraged intermarriage between the Mughal aristocracy and families of the Hindu Rajput rulers. In addition, Akbar abolished jizya, which was a head tax on Hindus. He also allowed Hindus to be promoted to high ranks in the government . Further, Akbar ended the longstanding ban on the construction of new Hindu temples, and he ordered Muslims to respect cows because the Hindus viewed them as sacred. He even invented a new faith calledDin-i-Ilahi, which blended elements of the many religions with which he was familiar. He believed that this would unite his Hindu and Muslim subjects, but it failed. Similar to the Ottomans’ collection of tribute, Akbar did leave some areas of his empire alone so long as they swore allegiance to Mughal rulers and paid their taxes on time. However, these areas were only left alone because of a shortage of administrators. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Dynasties each treated their conquered people and non-Muslims differently through political, economic and social procedures.Akbar the Great and the Mughals had the most enlightened approach on how to treat these people, such as encouraging intermarriage, abolishing the jizya, and ending the ban on the building of new Hindu temple s. This approach ultimately led to greater success for the empire as a whole. In contrast, the practices utilized by the Ottomans and Safavids resulted in more discontent for the conquered people and non-Muslims. Overall, these three empires over a three hundred year span conquered thousands of people and had to develop administrative practices and policies. These methods greatly impacted their success.

Family As A Social Institution Essay

1. Introduction: In a place where some group of people who lived in a same house and same flour. Family includes only the husband, the wife, and unmarried children who are not of age. The most common form of this family is regularly referred to in sociology as a nuclear family. A â€Å"consanguine† family consists of a parent and his or her children, and other people. Although the concept of consanguinity originally referred to relations by â€Å"blood,† In short we can say where same blood people live together this is called as FAMILY. 1.1 Definition Of Family: A group of two people or more related by blood, marriage, or adoption and residing together (U.S. Census Bureau 2004) 1.2 Only Child families: Many couples are now choosing to have children who will never have any siblings. Literature suggests that these children are often viewed as being spoilt, selfish, lonely and maladjusted, however, research does not agree with this negative view. Only children appear to be bright and successful, self-confident, self-reliant, resourceful and popular with other children. â€Å"A major reason for this may be that only children have somewhat closer relationships with parents, who exert more pressure for mastery and accomplishment† Only children often have more pressure placed upon them by parents to excel in tasks and have often high expectations for school and sporting results placed upon them. Only children miss out on the growing and learning and forms of socialization which comes with having siblings. Only children have the advantage of not having to fight for their parent’s attention and may have the opportunity of more one-on-one interactions. The one-child family has both pros and cons, as does every family lifestyle. 1.3 Largest Families: Children of large families obviously experience different conditions from those in smaller or one child families. Children in larger families have the advantage of having relationships with siblings. These relationships and interactions give them the opportunity to have companionship, emotional support and assistance while they are growing up. Children in larger families often experience degrees of rivalry and may need to fight for parent’s attention. The positive interactions that occur between siblings contribute to perspective taking, moral maturity, and competence in relating to other children. 1.4 Single Parent families: The number of one-parent families has become more common in recent years. There are a number of varieties of one-parent families; those resulting from divorce, parents who never-married, as well as a widowed parent. In single parent families the other parent not living with the family may have little or no involvement in the child’s life or may be highly involved. We are going to look more closely at single divorced parents and never-married single parents. 1.5 Marriage: A general definition of marriage is that it is a social contract between two individuals that unites their lives legally, economically and emotionally. Being married also gives legitimacy to sexual relations within the marriage. The geographical location and the cultural traditions of the individuals involved in the marriage relationship. The legalities of marriage can be confusing and overwhelming. Before you get married, it is important to know the requirements for getting a marriage license such as age, identification, costs for the license, etc. Laws concerning marriage vary from state to state and country to country and change often. 1.6 Types of Marriage: In marriage there are 2 types of marriage: Monogamy: Monogamy refers to the state of having only one mate at any one time; the term is applied to the social behavior of some animals and to a form of marriage in which an individual has only one spouse at any one time. In current usage monogamy often refers to having one sexual partner  irrespective of marriage or reproduction. Recent discoveries have led biologists to talk about the three varieties of monogamy: social monogamy, sexual monogamy, and genetic monogamy. The distinction between these three is important to the modern understanding of monogamy. Social monogamy refers to two persons/creatures that live together, have sex with each other, and cooperate in acquiring basic resources such as food, clothes, and money. Sexual monogamy refers to two persons/creatures that remain sexually exclusive with each other and have no outside sex partners. Genetic monogamy refers to two partners that only have offspring with each other. Polygamy: several husbands or wives simultaneously 1.7 Mate Selection: Mate choice, or intersexual selection, is an evolutionary process in which selection of a mate depends on attractiveness of its traits. It is one of two components of sexual selection (the other is male-male competition or intersexual selection). Darwin first introduced his ideas on sexual selection in 1871 but advances in genetic and molecular techniques have led to major progress in this field recently. Five mechanisms that explain the evolution of mate choice are currently recognized. They are direct phenotypic benefits, sensory bias, Fisherman runaway, indicator traits, and genetic compatibility. These mechanisms can co-occur and there are many examples of each. In systems where mate choice exists, one sex is competitive with same-sex members and the other sex is choosy (selective when it comes to picking individuals to mate with). In most species, females are the choosy sex that discriminates amongst competitive males but there are several examples of reversed roles. There is an example: Charles Darwin first expressed his ideas on sexual selection and mate choice in his book The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex in 1871. He was perplexed by the elaborate ornamentation that males of some species have because they appeared to be detrimental to survival and have negative consequences for reproductive success. He proposed two explanations for the existence of such traits: these traits are useful in male-male combat or they are preferred by females. 2. Structure of Family : This kinship terminology commonly occurs in societies based on conjugal (or nuclear) families, where nuclear families have a degree of relative mobility. Members of the nuclear use descriptive kinship terms: Mother: a female parent Father: a male parent Son: a male child of the parent(s) Daughter: a female child of the parent(s) Brother: a male child of the same parent(s) Sister: a female child of the same parent(s) Grandfather: father of a father or mother Grandmother: mother of a mother or father Cousins: two people that share the same grandparent(s) Such systems generally assume that the mother’s husband has also served as the biological father. In some families, a woman may have children with more than one man or a man may have children with more than one woman. The system refers to a child who shares only one parent with another child as a â€Å"half-brother† or â€Å"half-sister.† For children who do not share biological or adoptive parents in common, English-speakers use the term â€Å"stepbrother† or â€Å"stepsister† to refer to their new relationship with each other when one of their biological parents marries one of the other child’s biological parents. Any person (other than the biological parent of a child) who marries the parent of that child becomes the â€Å"stepparent† of the child, either the â€Å"stepmother† or â€Å"stepfather.† The same terms generally apply to children adopted into a family as to children born into the family. Grandfather: a parent’s father Grandmother: a parent’s mother Grandson: a child’s son Granddaughter: a child’s daughter For collateral relatives, more classificatory terms come into play, terms that do not build on the terms used within the nuclear family: Uncle: father’s brother, mother’s brother, father’s sister’s husband, mother’s sister’s husband Aunt: father’s sister, mother’s sister, father’s brother’s wife, mother’s brother’s wife Nephew: sister’s son, brother’s son, wife’s brother’s son, wife’s sister’s son, husband’s brother’s son, husband’s sister’s son Niece: sister’s daughter, brother’s daughter, wife’s brother’s daughter, wife’s sister’s daughter, husband’s brother’s daughter, husband’s sister’s daughter 3.Stages of Family: 3.1 Stage One: Single young adults leave home . Here the emotional change is from the reliance on the family to acceptance of emotional and financial responsibility for ourselves. Second-order changes include differentiation of self in relation to family of origin. This means we neither blindly accept what our parents believe or want us to do, nor do we automatically respond negatively to their requests. Our beliefs and behaviors are now part of our own identity, though we will change and refine what we believe throughout our lives. Also, during this period we develop intimate peer relationships on a deeper level than we had previously and become financially independent. 3.2 Stage Two: The new couple joins their families through marriage or living together . The major emotional transition during this phase is through commitment to the new system. Second-order change involves the formation of a marital system and realignment of relationships with extended families and friends that includes our spouses. 3.3 Stage Three: Families with young children Emotionally we must now accept new members into the system. This isn’t hard initially because babies come to us in sweet innocent packages that open our hearts. Unfortunately, in the middle of the night we may wonder what we’ve gotten ourselves into. Nevertheless, we adjust the marital system to make space for our children, juggling childrearing, financial and household tasks. Second-order change also ocurs with the realignment of relationships with extended family as it opens to include the parenting and grandparenting roles. 3.4 Stage Four: Families with adolescents Emotional transitions are hard here for the whole family because we need to increase the flexibility of families boundaries to include children’s independence and grandparents’ frailities. As noted above, second-order change is required in order for the shifting of the parent-child relationship to permit adolescents to move in and out of the system. Now there is a new focus on midlife marital and career issues and the beginning shift toward joint caring for the older generation when both children and aging parents demand our attention, creating what is now called the sandwich generation. 3.5 Stage Five: Launching children and moving on This is one of the transitions that can be most emotionally difficult for parents as they now need to accept a multitude of exits from and entries into the family system. If the choices of the children leaving the nest are compatible with the values and expectations of the parents, the transition can be relatively easy and enjoyable, especially if the parents successfully navigate their second-order changes, such as renegotiation of the marital system as a couple rather than as simply parents. Other developmental changes include development of adult-to-adult relationships between us and our grown children, inclusion of in-laws and grandchildren, and dealing with the disabilities and death of our own parents. (See Letting Go of Our Adult Children: When What We Do is Never Enough for what can happen when transitions in this stage become particularly bumpy.) 3.6 Stage Six: Families in later life When Erikson discusses this stage, he focuses on how we as individuals either review our lives with acceptance and a sense of accomplishment or with bitterness and regret. A family systems approach, however, is interested in how the family as a unit responds and sees the key emotional principle as accepting the shifting of generational roles. Second-order changes require us to maintain our own interests and functioning as a couple in face of physiological decline. We shift our focus onto the middle generation (the children who are still in stage five) and support them as they launch their own children. In this process the younger generation needs to make room for the wisdom and experience of the elderly, supporting the older generation without over functioning for them. Other  second-order change includes dealing with the loss of our spouse, siblings, and others peers and the preparation for our own death and the end of our generation. 4. Role Of Family: The family is one of the main socializing institutions of the society. In the family, the child appropriates the social norms and values and it becomes capable of having relations with the other members of the society. In the family there is established the basic or primary socialization. In comparison with the families from the traditional societies family function has begun to be more and more taken over by other social institutions (school, cultural institutions, and mass media). Despite these transfers of social competencies, the family continues to remain one of the main institutions of socialization. The advantage of the socialization in the family is to obtain it in an environment of affectivity, which facilitates the transmission and the appropriation of the social values and norms. 4.1 Toward children : As soon as the baby is born, the mother and father become attached to their child through touch – through holding, carrying and playing with their baby. The world of movement begins and it is the parents who are the first educators of their child. This holds true for visually impaired children too. Parents have a much longer, sustained, and intimate relationship with their child than anybody else. When children are young they are learning to identify and label the world. Blind children are no different. They need to become familiar with the world, too. Familiarization develops orientation. For the sighted child, vision puts them in the action. Vision is the sense that allows us to integrate all of the things we learn about the world. Without normal vision, the child must learn to see and understand the world in new ways. As the child’s parents, one needs the opportunity to: understand how loss of vision affects their child’s early development; learn how they, as parents, can most effectively teach their child to see the world. One must realize that every child, whether visually impaired or not, is a learner. Besides this, what every child learns in the first three years of life is learned visually, primarily through imitation, says a research.  Parents are the natural teacher because they know their child better than anyone else does and have a better idea of what he/she is ready to learn. They spend more time with the child . Therefore they’re able to take advantage of the many ordinary events – things that happen throughout the day in the normal course of family life – that are teaching opportunities. As a parent you give your child toys and common, everyday objects to help him / her learn in natural situations that can be applied to other situations outside the home. Also, as a parent people must keep on providing opportunities to their children to practice what they have learned and a chance to experience the world under their guidance. By starting early, they teach their children good habits that will last a lifetime. And, above all involve their children in f amily life so friends and relatives learn how to interact with their visually impaired child and he / she learns how to act with others.